Introduction
Materials and methods
Study design and patients
Outcome measures
Sample collection
Culture method
Sequencing method
Preprocessing and DNA extraction
NTS library construction and sequencing
Bioinformatics analysis
Statistical analysis
Results
Basic information and clinical features of the patients
Sample ID | Age | Sex | Cause (interval between diagnosis and event, days) | Presenting VA | Clinical features | Surgery | Treatment | Final VA | NTS result | Culture result | Length of hospital stay |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 63 | M | Injury-stone (1) | NLP | Fbrinous exudation | Phaco + PPV + SOT + IVT | V + C + Dx | NLP | + | – | 12 |
2 | 62 | M | Injury-iron wire (3) | LP | Hypopyon | PPV + SOT + IVT | V + C + intravenous and intraocular VCZ | NLP | + | + | 11 |
3 | 70 | F | Surgery-pterygium excision (15) | LP | Fibrinous exudation | IVT | V + C | HM | + | – | 12 |
4 | 36 | M | Liver abscess (15) | FC/0.8 | KP(+) | Phaco + PPV + SOT + IVT | IPM + MEM + ETM + CIP + CLR + MH | 0.1/1.0 | + | – | 8 |
5 | 70 | M | Surgery-Phaco (2) | LP | Hypopyon | PPL + PPV + SOT + IVT | V + C | FC | + | – | 5 |
6 | 25 | M | Surgery-ICL (3) | HM | Fibrinous exudation | AC wash + ILE + IVT | V + C + Dx | 0.12 | – | – | 4 |
7 | 73 | M | Surgery-Phaco (5) | FC | Hypopyon | ILE + PPV + SOT + IVT | V + C | 0.03 | + | – | 6 |
8 | 69 | F | Injury-iron wire (7) | LP | Hypopyon | Eye removal | V + C + intravenous CIP | – | + | + | 8 |
9 | 50 | M | Injury-metal (1) | HM | KP(-) | PPL + PPV + SOT + IOFB-R + IVT | V + C | HM | + | + | 9 |
10 | 51 | M | Injury-iron wire (3) | HM | Hypopyon | PPV + SOT + IVT | V + C | 0.05 | + | + | 7 |
11 | 41 | M | Injury-stick (7) | FC | KP(-) | PPV + IVT | V + C | FC | + | – | 8 |
12 | 54 | M | Injury-steel nail (3) | HM | Hypopyon | PPL + PPV + SOT + IVT | V + C + intravenous LEV | 0.01 | + | – | 7 |
13 | 68 | M | Injury-nail (1) | LP | Hypopyon | CTR + Phaco + IOFB-R + PPV + SOT + IVT | V + C | FC | + | – | 10 |
14 | 36 | M | Injury-iron scrap (28) | HM | Fibrinous exudation | AC tap + IVT | V + C | 0.04 | + | – | 5 |
15 | 67 | M | Surgery-Phaco (4) | HM | KP(+ +) | AC wash + PPV + SOT + IVT | V + C | 0.12 | – | – | 10 |
16 | 7 | F | Injury-pencil (1) | 0.1 | Fibrinous exudation | AC wash + IVT | V + C | 0.25 | + | – | 11 |
17 | 50 | M | Injury-nail (1) | LP | Fibrinous exudation | Phaco + PPV + SOT + IVT | V + C + Dx | FC | – | – | 7 |
18 | 55 | M | Injury-iron wire (15) | 0.05 | Hypopyon | PPV + SOT + IVT | V + C | FC | + | – | 9 |
19 | 54 | M | Injury-nail (30) | FC | KP(-) | PPV + SOT + IVT | V + C | 0.1 | + | – | 12 |
20 | 55 | M | Surgery-Phaco (6) | HM | Fibrinous exudation | ILE + PPV + SOT + IVT | V + C | FC | + | – | 6 |
21 | 58 | F | Surgery-Phaco (7) | FC | KP(-) | PPV + IVT | V + C | 0.2 | – | – | 7 |
22 | 50 | M | Injury-iron wire (2) | 0.2 | Blood | CTR + PPV + SOT + IVT | V + C | 0.25 | – | – | 9 |
23 | 51 | F | Surgery-Phaco (6) | HM | KP(+ +) | AC wash + PPV + SOT + IVT | V + C | FC | + | – | 6 |
24 | 70 | M | Surgery-Phaco (15) | FC | Fibrinous exudation | PPV + SOT + IVT | V + C + intravenous CIP | 0.2 | + | – | 5 |
25 | 58 | M | Surgery-Phaco (30) | HM | Hypopyon | AC wash + PPV + SOT + IVT | V + C | 0.08 | + | – | 8 |
26 | 54 | M | Injury-stone (3) | HM | Fibrinous exudation | PPV + SOT + IVT | V + C | FC | + | – | 7 |
27 | 58 | M | Surgery-Phaco (9) | HM | Fibrinous exudation | AC wash + IVT | V + C + Dx | 0.08 | – | – | 13 |
28 | 80 | F | Surgery-Phaco (2) | LP | Hypopyon | ILE + PPV + SOT + IVT | V + C + intravenous LEV | HM | + | + | 10 |
29 | 48 | F | Injury-nail (2) | FC | Hypopyon | PPV + SOT + IVT | V + C + intravenous LEV | FC | + | – | 9 |
30 | 58 | F | Injury-bone fragments (2) | HM | Hypopyon | AC wash + IVT | V + C | FC | + | + | 16 |
31 | 64 | M | Injury-metal (4) | HM | Hypopyon | AC wash + IVT + eye removal | V + CIP + intravenous and intraocular VCZ | – | + | + | 11 |
33 | 51 | M | Keratitis (4) | LP | Hypopyon | PPV + SOT + IVT | V + C + intravenous LEV | HM | + | – | 9 |
34 | 58 | M | Surgery-Phaco (12) | FC | Fibrinous exudation | AC wash + IVT | V + C + intravenous and intraocular VCZ | 0.15 | + | – | 8 |
35 | 70 | M | Surgery-Phaco (15) | FC | Hypopyon | PPV + SOT + IVT | V + intravenous and intraocular VCZ | 0.06 | + | – | 10 |
36 | 94 | M | Keratitis (15) | HM | Hypopyon | AC wash + IVT | V + C + intravenous ETM | FC | + | – | 5 |
37 | 64 | F | Surgery-Phaco (4) | FC | KP (+), fibrinous exudation | PPV + IVT | V + C + intraocular Gen | 0.4 | + | – | 8 |
38 | 41 | M | Injury-iron wire (1) | HM | Hypopyon, fibrinous exudation | Phaco + PPV + SOT + IVT | V + C + intravenous Au + ETM + VCZ and intraocular Gen | LP | + | – | 8 |
39 | 57 | F | Keratitis (15) | HM | KP (+) | PPV + SOT + IVT | V + C + intravenous ETM | FC | + | – | 8 |
40 | 7 | F | Injury-metal (1) | HM | Fibrinous exudation | CTR + ILE + PPV + SOT + IVT | V + C + intravenous Au | HM | + | – | 8 |
41 | 80 | M | Surgery-Phaco (3) | HM | Hypopyon | PPV + ILE + SOT + IVT | V + C + intravenous LEV | HM | + | + | 6 |
42 | 4 | F | Injury-plant (2) | LP | Hypopyon | CTR + AC wash + ILE + PPV + SOT + IVT | V + C | HM | + | + | 9 |
Diagnostic utility | NTS | Culture | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Positivity rate | 86.05% (37/43) | 20.93% (9/43) | < 0.001 kappa = 0.082 |
Polybacterial result | 22/43 (51.16%) | 1/43 (2.33%) | < 0.001 kappa = 0.044 |
Turnaround time, days | 1.23 ± 0.43 | 3.58 ± 0.88 | < 0. 001 Z = −5.805 |
Therapeutic strategies changed | 17/43 (39.53%) | 5/43 (11.63%) | < 0.001 kappa = 0.335 |
Final visual acuity | Number of patients | ||
Improvement | 31 | ||
Stabilization | 7 | ||
Deterioration | 6 |
Clinical microbiology detected by NTS and culture
Sample ID | Gram stain/KOH mount/culture result | Taxonomic Lineage by NTS | N. of read |
---|---|---|---|
2 | Enterobacter kobei, Candida albicans | Enterobacter kobei | 92 |
Staphylococcus aureus | 52 | ||
Candida albicans | 8934 | ||
8 | Enterobacter ludwigii | Enterobacter ludwigii | 160 |
9 | Acinetobacter junii | Haemophilus parainfluenzae | 11,866 |
Acinetobacter junii | 1300 | ||
10 | Staphylococcus epidermidis | Staphylococcus epidermidis | 1302 |
28 | Enterococci faecalis | Enterococci faecalis | 47,620 |
30 | Pasteurella multocida | Pasteurella multocida | 5902 |
Sac fungi* | 11,424 | ||
31 | Colletotrichum spp. | Comamonas testosteron | 470 |
Colletotrichum spp | 17,293 | ||
41 | Enterococci faecalis | Enterococci faecalis | 116,083 |
42 | Streptococcus pneumoniae | Streptococcus pneumoniae | 20,138 |
Sample ID | Taxonomic lineage | N. of read |
---|---|---|
1 | Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Staphylococcus aureus | 50, 15 |
3 | Dialister spp.*, Cladosporium halotolerans* | 23, 24 |
4 | Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (R) | 932 |
Mycobacterium abscessus, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (L) | 147, 31 | |
5 | Streptococcus sanguinis | 155 |
7 | Streptococcus gordonii, Paraburkholderia dipogonis* | 900, 320 |
11 | Staphylococcus epidermidis | 15 |
12 | Haemophilus influenzae, Yarrowia lipolytica* | 12, 21 |
13 | Streptococcus midis, Achromobacter spp. | 420, 137 |
14 | Sporidiobolus spp. * | 4688 |
16 | Streptococcus pneumoniae | 2489 |
18 | Micrococcus kristinae* | 35 |
19 | Anaerococcus prevotii* | 32 |
20 | Staphylococcus epidermidis | 9595 |
23 | Streptococcus gordonii, Enterobacter cancerogenus*, Meyerozyma guilliermondii* | 67, 54, 2633 |
24 | Staphylococcus saccharolylicus, Lactococcus spp.*, Yarrowia lipolytica* | 1114, 757, 13,925 |
25 | Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum* | 1178 |
26 | Atopobium parvulum*, Streptococcus parasanguis, Meyerozyma guilliermondii* | 259, 173, 11,140 |
29 | Aeromonas caviae, Morganella morganii | 30,153, 242 |
32 | Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter asburiae | 1060, 884 |
33 | Escherichia coli | 507 |
34 | Corynebacterium jeikeium*, Aspergillus gracilis | 163, 1170 |
35 | Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus penicillioides | 109, 3232 |
36 | Porphyromonas bennonis* | 346 |
37 | Finegoldia magna*, Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella osloensis, Corynebacterium confusum* | 947, 61, 2232, 311 |
38 | Haemophilus influenzae, Candida parapsilosis | 24,246, 21,672 |
39 | Staphylococcus aureus, Anaerococcus nagyae* | 54,114, 49 |
40 | Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Eubacterium tenue* | 45,428, 2858, 1951 |
43 | Aeromonas veronii, Citrobacter freundii, Lactococcus lactis* | 52457, 257, 791 |
Management and changes in antibiotic strategy by the intervention of NTS
Patient ID | NTS result | Culture result | Initial antibiotics | Change in antibiotic strategies | Therapeutic Effect |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | Enterobacter kobei, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans | Enterobacter kobei Candida albicans | V+C | V +C+intravenous and intraocular VCZ | deterioration |
4 | Mycobacterium abscessus, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | negative | V+C+ CEM +IPM | IPM+MEM+ ETM + CIP + CLR + MH | improvement |
8 | Enterobacter ludwigii | Enterobacter ludwigii | V+C | V+C+intravenous CIP | eye removal |
12 | Haemophilus influenzae, Yarrowia lipolytica* | negative | V+C | V+C +intravenous LEV | improvement |
24 | Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter asburiae | negative | V+C | V+C+ intravenous CIP | improvement |
28 | Enterococci faecalis | Enterococci faecalis | V+C | V+C+ intravenous LEV | improvement |
29 | Aeromonas caviae, Morganella morganii | negative | V+C | V+C+ intravenous CIP | stabilization |
31 | Comamonas testosteroni, Colletotrichum spp. | Colletotrichum spp. | V+C | V +IP+ intravenous and intraocular VCZ | eye removal |
33 | Escherichia coli | negative | V+C | V+C+intravenous LEV | improvement |
34 | Corynebacterium jeikeium, Aspergillus gracilis | negative | V+C | intravenous and intraocular VCZ | improvement |
35 | Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus penicillioides | negative | V+C | V+intravenous and intraocular VCZ | improvement |
37 | Finegoldia magna, Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella osloensis, Corynebacterium confusum | negative | V+C | V+C+intraocular Gen | improvement |
38 | Haemophilus influenzae, Candida parapsilosis | negative | V+C | V+C+intravenous Au + ETM + VCZ and intraocular Gen | deterioration |
39 | Staphylococcus aureus, Anaerococcus spp. | negative | V+C | V+C+intravenous ETM | improvement |
40 | Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Eubacterium tenue | negative | V+C | V+C+ intravenous Au | stabilization |
41 | Enterococci faecalis | Enterococci faecalis | V+C | V+C+intravenous LEV | stabilization |
43 | Aeromonas veronii, Citrobacter freundii, Lactococcus lactis | negative | V+C | V+C+intravenous MFLX | stabilization |