The infraorbital foramen (IOF) is an important osseous opening in the maxillofacial area, from which infraorbital vessels and nerve (ION) emerge and spread in the facial area [ 2 , 5 , 24 ]. After exiting IOF, the ION divides into its terminal …

On the posterior abdominal wall, the abdominal aorta (AA) lies slightly to the left of the midline due to the position of the inferior vena cava [ 19 ]. It is found between the 12th thoracic vertebra (level of aortic hiatus on the diaphragm) and …

In the early 1950s, the ultrasound technique was applied to cardiovascular examinations [ 9 ]. Since then, with the advances in technology, echocardiography, particularly transthoracic echocardiography, has become one of the most frequently …

There are several types of middle cerebral artery (MCA) origin and M1 segment variations, including duplicated MCA, accessory MCA, early bifurcated MCA, duplicate origin of MCA, and fenestrated MCA [ 2 , 4 , 7 , 9 , 12 ]. These variations are not …

Approximately 18% of post-stroke patients experience a spastic equinovarus foot (SEF), manifested as equinus, varus and claw-toe deformities [ 6 , 26 ]. Conventional non-surgical treatments, including nerve blocks and botulinum toxin injections …

The upper airway begins from the nasal cavity and continues into the pharynx, larynx and extrathoracic trachea. The larynx consists of three parts—the glottis, supraglottic region and subglottic region [ 1 , 2 ]. In the literature, the description …

The chordae Willisii (CWs) are trabecular projections into the lumen of the intracranial dural sinuses and basilar venous plexus [ 10 ]. Microscopically, the CWs are formed by the collagen fibers and endothelial cells [ 18 ]. They are paid less …

Koerner’s septum (KS), or petrosquamous (PS) lamina, is a bony plate located within the temporal bone separating the air cells of the mastoid. It extends from the articular fossa to the mastoid apex and runs inferiorly lateral to the facial canal …

The thyrocervical trunk (TCT) arises superiorly from the first part of the subclavian artery (SA), medial to the anterior scalene muscle (ASM), and provides four main arterial branches: the inferior thyroid artery (ITA), ascending cervical artery …

The navicular bone is the central part of the medial column of the foot, connected distally to the cuneiform bone and proximally to the talus, and plays a vital part in foot stability and gait propulsion [ 17 , 19 ].

The article “The potential role of ChatGPT and artificial intelligence in anatomy education: a conversation with ChatGPT” [ 1 ] provides a fascinating glimpse into the future of anatomy education. Through an insightful conversation with ChatGPT, a …

In 1996, the Visible Human Project (VHP) was created by the National Library of Medicine in the United States. This project was the first attempt to create sectioned images of a Caucasian young male whole body [ 44 ]. In the era of CT and MRI with …

The laryngeal region has a complex structure and constitutes an important basis for forensic examinations. Within this anatomical structure, there is a small cartilage called triticeal cartilage (TrC) located within the lateral thyrohyoid ligament …

The parotid gland is one of the major salivary glands and makes a pure and serous secretion [ 16 ]. Within the anterior region of the parotid gland, normal anatomical variants such as the accessory parotid gland (APG) and facial process (FP) may …

The trachea has a considerable vertical length, starting from the larynx to the tracheal bifurcation, and the external environment differs considerably between the superior, middle and inferior parts [ 5 ]. The larynx and superior parts of the …

Anomalous cranial nerves in the sinonasal region have attracted recent interest for endoscopic surgery. Variations in cranial nerve paths, especially in the sphenoid and maxillary sinuses, are linked to anatomical factors [ 11 , 46 ]. These …

Any textbook of anatomy will state that the mentalis nerve supplies the lower lip [ 1 , 5 , 16 , 21 ]. Gray’s Anatomy (Williams 1995) described a close topographical relationship between the mentalis nerve and oral mucosa [ 20 ]: The nerve is …

Internal carotid artery (ICA) agenesis is a rare congenital abnormality. Lie [ 5 ] classified agenesis of the ICA into six types based on the dysplastic segment and collateral circulation of the ICA. However, ICA agenesis that does not fit Lie’s …

Sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) is a superficial and thick muscle located under the platysma in the neck. It attaches to the sternum and clavicle as two separate heads. The muscle is innervated by the accessory nerve and its proprioceptive …

Small-intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (SI-NET) account for 25% of digestive NET [ 15 ], but their incidence has increased over the past 40 years [ 6 ]. SI-NET have the particularity of being multiple in 30–56% of cases and are often diagnosed at …