To the editor,
We read with great interest the article by Moussa et al. which illustrated the association between early hyperoxia and 28-day mortality in patients on venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) support for refractory cardiogenic shock [1]. Hyperoxia might increase oxidative stress, leading to worse outcomes [2]. Patients on VA-ECMO are the most affected by hyperoxia among the critically ill patients since they directly receive the oxygenated blood from VA-ECMO with PaO2 higher than 300 mmHg [3].
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Moussa et al. analyzed the data of 430 patients from a bi-center cohort. They found that the mean daily peak, absolute peak, and overall mean PaO2 values 48 h after admission were significantly higher in non-survivors than survivors. After inverse probability weighting, the result remained the same. And, there was a dose effect of the PaO2 increase on the risk of 28-day mortality. One of the interpretations could be that exposure to hyperoxia results in an inappropriate inflammatory response. This could provide a theoretical basis for the management strategy of refractory cardiogenic shock. However, a hidden confounder might affect the interpretation of the results.
In the femo-femoral VA-ECMO, the retrograde blood flow produced by VA-ECMO and the anterograde blood flow produced by the patient's heart would meet in an aortic transition point, as the author mentioned. But the level of the transition point depended on the cardiac output (CO) [4]. When the cardiac contractility improves, and the CO is enough, the transition point may locate in the distal to the left subclavian artery. On the other hand, when the cardiac contractility is poor and the CO is low, the transition point may be proximal to the cephalic brachial artery. In other words, the cardiac function and CO decide the blood in the right radial artery where it comes from, the ECMO or the native heart.
Because PaO2 in the post-oxygenator is much higher than in the pulmonary vein, the blood gas analysis (BGA) taken from the right radial artery (where the study took the blood sample) was influenced to a large extent by the source of blood. If the blood comes from ECMO, there is a high PaO2 and vice versa. So, with this hypothesis, we could explain that the patient who presented with a higher PaO2 might suffer a worse cardiac function and be associated with mortality.
The indirect indicator of cardiac function is if the patient can successfully wean from VA-ECMO. We test this hypothesis with data in our center. From January 2017 to September 2022, 340 patients receiving femo-femoral VA-ECMO for cardiogenic shock whose ECMO duration was longer than 24 h were enrolled. Two hundred and sixteen (63.5%) patients were weaned from ECMO successfully. The in-hospital mortality was 52.4%. The 24-h (after ECMO start) BGA was taken from the right radial artery and analyzed. The patients were divided by if the 24-h PaO2 was higher than 200 mmHg. The outcomes are shown in the table (Table 1).
Table 1
Patients outcomes by PaO2 > 200 mmHg or PaO2 ≤ 200 mmHg
All patients | Patients weaned from ECMO | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PaO2 > 200 mmHg (n = 94) | PaO2 ≤ 200 mmHg (n = 246) | P value | PaO2 > 200 mmHg (n = 46) | PaO2 ≤ 200 mmHg (n = 170) | P value | |
In-hospital mortality | 60 (63.8%) | 118 (48.0%) | 0.009 | 12 (26.1%) | 42 (24.7%) | 0.848 |
ECMO weaning* | 46 (48.9%) | 170 (69.1%) | 0.001 | – | – | – |
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Our results are similar to Moussa et al., finding that PaO2 > 200 mmHg was associated with mortality. There was a significant negative relationship between PaO2 and ECMO weaning (OR = 0.965 every ten mmHg, p = 0.004 by single variable logistic regression). The patients with higher PaO2 had a lower probability of weaning from ECMO (Table 1). In addition, we did not find any association between PaO2 and mortality among the patients who had already weaned from ECMO. This means cardiac function may be the major confounder in the evaluation of hyperoxia’s impact on patients' outcomes. The direct method is to test the relationship between CO and PaO2, but CO is difficult to acquire in the early stage of ECMO support.
Future translational research should focus on the role of oxidative stress involved in the development and progression of clinical and experimental heart failure [5]. Potential confounding that cannot easily be addressed in clinical studies may be answerable in bench experiments. More studies are needed, leading to novel therapeutic strategies in heart recovery.
Acknowledgements
None.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (affiliated to Capital Medical University)’s institutional ethics committee (approval number 2019027X). Informed consent was obtained from all patients or their surrogates. The dataset used for the analysis was de-identified.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
None.
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