Background
Methods
Study population
Study setting
Sampling strategy
Sample size
Primary outcome
Exposures
Covariates
Data analysis
Results
Study sample
Variable | N (%) or Mean (SD) |
---|---|
Mother’s age (years) | 26 (6.7) |
Mother’s age | |
≥ 20 | 407 (78.4) |
18–19 years | 112 (21.6) |
Marital status | |
Married | 451 (86.9) |
Single | 68 (13.1) |
Mother’s education | |
Less than secondary education | 404 (78.0) |
Secondary or higher education | 114 (22.0) |
missing | 1 |
Place of residence | |
Rural | 340 (65.5) |
Urban | 179 (34.5) |
Employment status | |
Unemployed | 392 (75.5) |
Employed | 127 (24.5) |
Health insurance status | |
Uninsured | 193 (37.2) |
Insured | 326 (62.8) |
Partner’s education | |
Less than secondary education | 370 (71.7) |
Secondary or higher education | 146 (28.3) |
missing | 3 |
Household size | 7 (3.0) |
Parity | |
0–3 | 450 (86.7) |
≥4 | 69 (13.3) |
Planned pregnancy | |
No | 174 (33.6) |
Yes | 344 (66.4) |
missing | 1 |
COVID-19 pandemic affected my ANC attendance | |
No | 489 (94.4) |
Yes | 29 (5.6) |
missing | 1 |
Early antenatal care | |
No | 239 (46.1) |
Yes | 280 (53.9) |
The association between partners’ education and early antenatal care
Variable** | Unadjusted PR (95% CI) | Adjusted PR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|
Main exposure of interest | ||
Partner’s education* | ||
Less than secondary education | 1 | 1 |
Secondary or higher education | 1.32 (1.13,1.54) | 1.26 (1.05,1.51) |
Potential confounders | ||
Age* | ||
≥ 20 | 1 | 1 |
18–19 years | 0.68 (0.53,0.87) | 0.75 (0.59,0.96) |
Planned pregnancy* | ||
No | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 1.54 (1.26,1.88) | 1.36 (1.09,1.69) |
Mother’s education | ||
Less than secondary education | 1 | 1 |
Secondary or higher education | 1.14 (0.95,1.36) | 0.97 (0.80,1.19) |
Employment status | ||
Unemployed | 1 | 1 |
Employed | 1.21 (1.03,1.43) | 1.07 (0.90,1.27) |
Place of residence | ||
Rural | 1 | 1 |
Urban | 0.96 (0.81,1.14) | 0.89 (0.75,1.04) |
Marital status | ||
Married | 1 | 1 |
Single | 0.59 (0.42,0.84) | 0.82 (0.57,1.17) |
Health insurance status | ||
Uninsured | 1 | 1 |
Insured | 1.13 (0.96,1.35) | 1.01 (0.85,1.20) |
Household size | 1.00 (0.97,1.03) | 1.00 (0.97,1.02) |
Parity | ||
0–3 | 1 | 1 |
≥ 4 | 0.81 (0.62,1.07) | 0.80 (0.60,1.06) |
COVID-19 pandemic affected my ANC attendance | ||
No | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 0.89 (0.6,1.3) | 0.85 (0.61,1.19) |
Effect modification by partners’ level of education
Mother has less than secondary education | Mother has secondary or higher education | PR (95% CI) for mothers’ education within strata of partners’ education | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N with/without outcome | PR (95% CI) | N with/without outcome | PR (95% CI) | ||
Partner has less than secondary education | 171/168 | 1.00 (Reference) | 13/17 | 0.90 (0.60,1.34); p = 0.596 | 0.90 (0.60,1.34); p = 0.596 |
Partner has secondary or higher education | 41/22 | 1.22 (0.99,1.50); p = 0.060 | 55/28 | 1.24 (1.03,1.50); p = 0.026 | 1.02 (0.81,1.28); p = 0.886 |
Unplanned pregnancy | Planned pregnancy | PR (95% CI) for planned pregnancy within strata of partners’ education | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N with/without outcome | PR (95% CI) | N with/without outcome | PR (95% CI) | ||
Partner has less than secondary education | 55/77 | 1.00 (Reference) | 128/109 | 1.19 (0.93,1.52); p = 0.169 | 1.19 (0.93,1.52); p = 0.169 |
Partner has secondary or higher education | 14/26 | 0.84 (0.52,1.36); p = 0.476 | 82/24 | 1.64 (1.26,2.12); p < 0.001 | 1.95 (1.25,3.04); p = 0.003 |
≥ 20 years | 18–19 years (Teenagers) | PR (95% CI) for mothers’ age within strata of partners’ education | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N with/without outcome | PR (95% CI) | N with/without outcome | PR (95% CI) | ||
Partner has less than secondary education | 153/132 | 1.00 (Reference) | 31/54 | 0.71 (0.53,0.97); p = 0.030 | 0.71 (0.53,0.97); p = 0.030 |
Partner has secondary or higher education | 83/38 | 1.22 (1.01,1.48); p = 0.037 | 13/12 | 1.02 (0.7,1.51); p = 0.902 | 0.84 (0.56,1.24); p = 0.376 |
Unemployed | Employed | PR (95% CI) for employed within strata of partners’ education | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N with/without outcome | PR (95% CI) | N with/without outcome | PR (95% CI) | ||
Partner has less than secondary education | 142/148 | 1.00 (Reference) | 42/38 | 0.95 (0.74,1.22); p = 0.695 | 0.95 (0.74,1.22); p = 0.695 |
Partner has secondary or higher education | 59/40 | 1.16 (0.94,1.43); p = 0.177 | 37/10 | 1.47 (1.17,1.84); p = 0.001 | 1.27 (1.02,1.57); p = 0.034 |