Introduction
Methods
Search strategy
Eligibility criteria
Data extraction
Quality assessment
Statistical analyses
Results
Result of literature search
Characteristics of the included studies
First author | Country/Area | Event/N | Study characteristics | Quality score |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sammeli West et al. (2020) [42] | Finland | 25/197 | Survey time:/ Mean age: 31.0 Mean BMI: 25.2 Diagnostic criteria: 2-h 75-g OGTT; at 24–28 weeks | Low |
Mahnaz Bahri Khomami et al. (2019) [54] | Australia | 34/354 | Survey time: 2004–2011 Mean age: 30.3 ± 4.5 Mean BMI: 26.1 ± 5.8; percentage of overweight/obesity patients: (177/354) SEI: 46.3 ± 13.8 Smoking: 5.9% Drinking: 6.8% Diagnostic criteria: WHO criteria (2013) | Low |
J-Z Chen et al (2016) [52] | China | 208/670 | Survey time: 2013.06–2015.06 Mean age: 30.44 ± 3.56 Mean BMI: 24.16 ± 3.20 Menarche age: 13.23 ± 1.52 Primigravida:29.50% Diagnostic criteria: / | Low |
Ginevra Mills et al (2020) [45] | Canada | 2783/14882 | Survey time: 2004–2014 Mean age:/ Mean BMI:/ Smoking: 4.6% Diagnostic criteria: / | High/acceptable |
S. Weerakiet et al (2004) [43] | Thailand | 8/47 | Survey time: 1996.06–2002.05 Mean age: 31.6 ± 4 Mean BMI: 24.0 ± 3 Diagnostic criteria: 3-h 100-g OGTT at 24–28 weeks of gestation, ADA criteria | Low |
Shiqiao Hu et al (2021) [26] | China | 23/557 | Survey time: 2016.01–2019.01 Mean age: 29.67 ± 3.57 Mean BMI: 22.63 ± 3.24 Diagnostic criteria: IADPSG criteria (2011) | High/acceptable |
Hexia Xia et al (2017) [41] | China | 31/94 | Survey time: 2010.01–2014.12 Mean age: /Mean BMI: 23.96 Diagnostic criteria: IADPSG criteria (2011) | Low |
Dayan Liu et al (2015) [58] | China | 107/690 | Survey time: 2012.01–2013.01 Mean age: 29.5 Mean BMI:24.7 Diagnostic criteria: 2-h 75-g OGTT | Low |
Congcong Sun et al. (2019) [59] | China | 54/114 | Survey time: 2016.02–2018.08 Mean age: 29.1 Mean BMI: 23 Diagnostic criteria: 2-h 75-g OGTT at 24–28 weeks; 5.1–10.0–8.5 mmol/L | Low |
Xiangzun Li et al (2017) [56] | China | 12/35 | Survey time: 2015.01–2017.01 Mean age: 31.5 ± 3.6 Mean BMI: 24.6 ± 2.6 Diagnostic criteria: 3-h 75-g OGTT at 24–28 weeks; 5.6–10.3–8.6–6.7 mmol/L | Low |
Huizhuo Zhong et al. (2017) [57] | China | 57/468 | Survey time: 2010.01–2016.10 Mean age: / Mean BMI: /Diagnostic criteria: / | High/acceptable |
Marlieke deWilde et al. (2015) [51] | The Netherlands | 22/72 | Survey time: Mean age: 30.5 Mean BMI: 27.4 Smoking: 9% Diagnostic criteria: ADA criteria (2003) | Low |
R Helseth Vanky et al. (2013) [1] | Norway | 67/273 | Survey time:/ Mean age: 29.4 ± 4.4 Mean BMI: 29.0 ± 7.1 Smoking: 8.50% Diagnostic criteria: WHO criteria | High/acceptable |
Guanghui Li et al (2018) [46] | China | 75/248 | Survey time: 2011–2013 Mean age: 30.43 Mean BMI: 24.60 Diagnostic criteria: FPG ≥ 5.1 mmol/L (92 mg/dL), 1‐hour plasma glucose ≥ 10.0 mmol/L (180 mg/dL), or 2‐hour plasma glucose ≥ 8.5 mmol/L (153 mg/dL) | High/acceptable |
V. De Fre`ne et al. (2014) [27] | Belgium | 119/200 | Survey time: 2000.01–2009.12 Mean age: 28.7 Mean BMI: 25.8 Smoking: 20% Diagnostic criteria: ADA criteria (2014) Primigravida: 78.5% Irregular menstrual cycle: 94.5% | Low |
Fatemeh Foroozanfard et al. (2020) [48] | Iran | 3/43 | Survey time: 2014.04–2016.04 Mean age: 24.58 Mean BMI: 24.20 Diagnostic criteria: / | High/acceptable |
R. Bond et al. (2017) [53] | Canada | 513/941 | Survey time: 1990.01–2007.12 Mean age: /Mean BMI: /Diagnostic criteria:/ Primigravida:66.20% | Low |
Mahnaz Ashrafi et al. (2014) [55] | Iran | 104/234 | Survey time: 2002–2003 Mean age: 29.6 ± 3.9 Mean BMI: 26.1 ± 3.4 Diagnostic criteria: ADA criteria (2005) Menarche age: 13.3 ± 1.5 Irregular mense: 84.60% | High/acceptable |
Nadira Sultana Kakoly et al. (2017) [47] | Australia | 63/448 | Survey time: 1996–2012 Mean age: 36.6 ± 1.43 Mean BMI: 29.2 ± 7.86 SEI: 106 (16.0%, education < 12 y) Smoking: 9.52% Menarche age: 13.3 ± 1.5 Diagnostic criteria: / | Low |
Michael Feichtinger et al. (2021) [49] | Austria | 4/31 | Survey time: 2015.06–2017.09 Mean age: 31.3 Mean BMI: /Diagnostic criteria: IADPSG criteria | Low |
M.A. deWilde et al. (2014) [50] | The Netherlands | 41/189 | Survey time: 2008.04–2012.04 Mean age: 29 Mean BMI: 24 Smoking: 11.64% Diagnostic criteria: ADA criteria (2003) | High/acceptable |
Roos N et al. (2011) [44] | Sweden | 125/3787 | Survey time: 1995–2007 Mean age: /Mean BMI: 24 Smoking: 9.57% Diagnostic criteria: as plasma glucose levels of 12.2 mmol/L or more after oral glucose tolerance test (75 g glucose orally administered and plasma glucose measured after two hours) or fasting blood glucose levels of 7.0 mmol/L or more | High/acceptable |
Pooled incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus among women with polycystic ovary syndrome
The results of subgroup analysis
Subgroup | Studies | Pooled incidence % (95%CI) | I2 (%) | Test of Difference within Each Subgroup | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q | p | ||||
Mean age | 8.08 | 0.040 | |||
≤ 25 | 1 | 6.98(2.27–19.51) | - | ||
26–30 | 7 | 26.34(13.66–44.69) | 98.20 | ||
31–35 | 8 | 20.78(14.56–28.75) | 89.50 | ||
> 35 | 1 | 14.06(11.14–17.60) | - | ||
Mean BMI | 0.35 | 0.555 | |||
≤ 25 | 9 | 20.05 (14.44–39.05) | 96.30 | ||
> 25 | 7 | 24.74 (12.03–31.50) | 96.80 | ||
Percentage of overweight/obese patients | 59.09 | < 0.001 | |||
≤ 30% | 2 | 18.74 (18.12–19.37) | 0.00 | ||
31%-40% | 2 | 14.34 (11.52–17.72) | 0.00 | ||
41%-50% | 2 | 28.30 (5.95–71.11) | 98.50 | ||
> 50% | 1 | 40.37 (38.39–56.52) | - | ||
Percentage of primigravida | 97.84 | < 0.001 | |||
≤ 30% | 1 | 31.04 (27.65–34.65) | - | ||
> 30% | 2 | 55.39 (52.49–58.25) | 0.00 | ||
Percentage of smoking patients | 4.05 | 0.044 | |||
≤ 10% | 6 | 13.87 (7.61–23.96) | 98.60 | ||
> 10% | 2 | 39.02 (16.66–67.18) | 96.30 | ||
WHO Area | 5.33 | 0.255 | |||
European | 7 | 19.06(9.36–34.95) | 97.70 | ||
Western Pacific | 9 | 22.33(12.31–31.69) | 97.30 | ||
Americas | 2 | 34.38(14.30–62.19) | 99.70 | ||
South-East Asia | 2 | 14.34(11.52–17.72) | 0.00 | ||
Eastern Mediterranean | 2 | 20.88(4.57–59.26) | 87.60 | ||
Income classification | 0.08 | 0.783 | |||
High-income | 11 | 19.74 (11.69–31.35) | 99.10 | ||
Upper-middle-income | 11 | 21.65 (13.72–32.42) | 97.00 | ||
Sample size | 4.26 | 0.038 | |||
0–300 | 13 | 27.40(19.91–26.41) | 92.90 | ||
≥ 301 | 9 | 14.02 (7.65–24.32) | 99.40 | ||
Quality score | 3.03 | 0.081 | |||
Low | 13 | 26.05 (18.07–36.01) | 97.00 | ||
High/acceptable | 9 | 14.54 (20.04–25.00) | 98.90 | ||
Assessment tool | 5.93 | 0.115 | |||
WHO criteria | 2 | 15.71 (7.87–28.89) | 91.70 | ||
ADA criteria | 5 | 33.80 (21.36–48.98) | 93.10 | ||
IADPSG criteria | 3 | 12.37 (4.04–32.12) | 93.10 | ||
Others | 6 | 18.90 (8.95–35.60) | 98.20 |
The results of meta-regression analyses
Group | β | 95% CI | p | R2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||
Univariate analysis | |||||
Area (Western Pacific region vs. others) | -0.04 | -0.24 | 1.60 | 0.676 | 0.00% |
Assessment tool (ADA criteria vs. others) | -0.21 | -0.41 | -0.01 | 0.043 | 22.11% |
Sample (1–300 vs. ≥ 301) | -0.19 | -0.37 | -0.01 | 0.041 | 20.15% |
Quality score (Low vs. High/acceptable) | -0.08 | -0.29 | 0.12 | 0.422 | 0.00% |
Mean age (continuous variable) | -0.06 | -0.26 | 0.13 | 0.516 | 0.00% |
Mean BMI (continuous variable) | 0.02 | -0.13 | 0.26 | 0.513 | 0.00% |
Multivariate analysis | 77.57% | ||||
Area (Western Pacific region vs. others) | -0.24 | -0.43 | -0.05 | 0.011 | |
Assessment tool (ADA criteria vs. others) | -0.16 | -0.34 | 0.01 | 0.059 | |
Sample (1–300 vs. ≥ 301) | -0.39 | -0.56 | -0.23 | < 0.001 | |
Quality score (Low vs. High/acceptable) | -0.12 | -0.23 | -0.01 | 0.039 | |
Mean age (continuous variable) | -0.08 | -0.16 | -0.01 | 0.028 | |
Mean BMI (continuous variable) | 0.02 | -0.01 | 0.06 | 0.220 |