Background
Methods
Sample collection
Characteristics | No (%) |
---|---|
Demographics | |
Boys | 116(58.29) |
Girls | 83(41.71) |
Age (year) | |
0–1 | 129 (64.82) |
1–5 | 42(21.11) |
≥ 5 | 28(14.6) |
Patients | |
Out-patients | 23(88.44) |
In-patients | 176(11.56) |
Course of disease (week) | |
2–8 | 163(85.34) |
≥ 8 | 28(14.66) |
Appearance of diarrhea | |
watery /loose | 139(72.78) |
Mucoid / bloody | 60(30.15) |
Defecation frequency (Times / day) | |
3–5 | 77 (38.69) |
5–10 | 82(41.21) |
≥ 10 | 40(20.10) |
Use of antibiotics | |
Used | 151(75.88) |
Unused | 48(24.12) |
Stool culture | |
not done | 50(25.13) |
negative | 114(57.29) |
positive | 35(17.59) |
Diarrhea type | |
Simple diarrhea+ | 109(54.77) |
Secondary diarrhea* | 90(45.23) |
Routine diagnostic methods
Multiplex PCR and molecular diagnostic assays for the detection of 15 pathogens
Results
Demographic and clinical parameters of patients with persistent and chronic diarrhea
Pathogens detected with the xTAG GPP
Infection | Number | No. (%) |
---|---|---|
Single | 86 | 43.21% |
Double | 49 | 24.62% |
Triple | 9 | 4.52% |
Quadruple | 1 | 0.5% |
Multiple | 59 | 29.65% |
pathogen | Double infection | Triple infection | Quadruple infection | Co-infection |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rotavirus A | 23 | 7 | 1 | 31(15.58%) |
Norovirus GI/GII | 27 | 4 | 1 | 32(16.08%) |
Clostridium difficileToxin A/B | 14 | 5 | 1 | 20(10.05%) |
Salmonella | 8 | 3 | 0 | 11(5.53%) |
Campylotrbacter | 21 | 4 | 0 | 25(12.56%) |
Shigella | 3 | 1 | 0 | 4(2.01%) |
Escherichia coli O157 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2(1.00%) |
Entamoeba histolytica | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2(1.00%) |
Cryptosporidium | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2(1.00%) |
Comparison of the xTAG GPP and conventional detection methods
Class | Target | GPP | No. of samples by routine tests | Performance of the xTAG GPP assay | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+ | – | Sensitivity | %Specificity | |||
Virus | Adenovirus 40/41 | + | 0 | 0 | ||
– | 0 | 199 | 0 | 100(199/199) | ||
Rotavirus A | + | 63 | 6 | |||
– | 2 | 50 | 96.9(63/65) | 89.3(50/52) | ||
Norovirus GI/GII | + | 22 | 19 | |||
– | 0 | 158 | 100(22/22) | 89.3(158/177) | ||
Bacteria | Salmonella | + | 2 | 15 | ||
– | 4 | 182 | 33.3(2/6) | 92.3(182/197) | ||
Campylobacter | + | 43 | 0 | |||
– | 0 | 199 | 100(43/43) | 100(199/199) | ||
Shigella | + | 1 | 3 | |||
– | 0 | 195 | 100 (1/1) | 98.5(195/198) | ||
ClostridiumdifficileToxin A/B | + | 27 | 3 | |||
– | 0 | 169 | 100(27/27) | 84.9(169/172) | ||
ETEC | + | 0 | 0 | |||
– | 0 | 199 | 0 | 100(199/199) | ||
EscherichiacoliO157 | + | 0 | 2 | |||
– | 0 | 197 | 0 | 99.0(192/199) | ||
STEC | + | 0 | 0 | |||
– | 0 | 199 | 0 | 100(199/199) | ||
Yersinia enterocolitica | + | 0 | 0 | |||
– | 0 | 199 | 0 | 100(199/199) | ||
Vibrio cholerae | + | 0 | 0 | |||
– | 0 | 199 | 0 | 100(199/199) | ||
Parasite | Giardia | + | 0 | 0 | ||
– | 0 | 199 | 0 | 100(199/199) | ||
Entamoeba histolytica | + | 0 | 1 | |||
– | 0 | 198 | 0 | 99.5(198/199) | ||
Cryptosporidium | + | 0 | 2 | |||
– | 0 | 197 | 0 | 99.0(197/199) | ||
+ | 158 | 51 | ||||
Total | – | 6 | 2739 | 96.3(158/166) | 98.2(2739/2790) |
Age and sex distribution of children with enteropathogens
Number | Negative | Virus | Bacteria | Parasite | Co-infection | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | 116 | 28 | 60 | 47 | 3 | 40 | |
Sex | Girls | 83 | 26 | 37 | 33 | 0 | 19 |
χ2 | 1.264 | 0.98 | 0.012 | 2.179 | 2.305 | ||
P | 0.26 | 0.32 | 0.94 | 0.14 | 0.129 | ||
0–1 | 129 | 33 | 70 | 43 | 2 | 38 | |
Age(year) | 1–5 | 42 | 11 | 18 | 24 | 1 | 14 |
≥5 | 28 | 10 | 9 | 13 | 0 | 7 | |
χ2 | 2.216 | 5.244 | 7.997 | 0.646 | 0.668 | ||
P | 0.33 | 0.73 | 0.018 | 0.724 | 0.716 |