Background
Food insecurity in sexual minority women
Use of food assistance
Methods
Study design
Dependent variables
Food insecurity
Receipt of SNAP benefits
Receipt of emergency food assistance
Independent variables
Covariates
Analyses
Results
Exclusively heterosexual women | Lesbian WSW | Bisexual WSW | Heterosexual WSW | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weighted % (unweighted n) | X2 | P | ||||
Total | 90.4 (6674) | 1.2 (88) | 3.4 (251) | 5.1 (366) | ||
Race/Ethnicity | 3.7 | <.001 | ||||
White, non-Hispanic | 67.3 (2891) | 69.1 (42) | 70.3 (127) | 73.7 (201) | ||
Black, non-Hispanic | 12.1 (1419) | 19.3 (28) | 16.7 (72) | 12.5 (84) | ||
Hispanic | 14.2 (1800) | 7.6 (12) | 8.5 (35) | 8.1 (55) | ||
Multiple races | 6.4 (564) | 4.1 (6) | 4.5 (17) | 5.7 (26) | ||
Age | 10.9 | <.001 | ||||
20–25 | 13.3 (989) | 14.0 (20) | 36.4 (86) | 19.1 (71) | ||
26–35 | 23.0 (1671) | 18.1 (18) | 28.9 (84) | 24.1 (101) | ||
36–45 | 26.4 (1788) | 41.5 (26) | 16.7 (44) | 28.3 (95) | ||
46–59 | 37.3 (2226) | 26.4 (24) | 18.0 (37) | 28.5 (99) | ||
Educational Level | 3.1 | 0.008 | ||||
< High school | 33.2 (2652) | 24.4 (28) | 42.6 (112) | 26.9 (112) | ||
Some college/AA degree | 34.9 (2288) | 33.7 (34) | 36.1 (97) | 43.8 (97) | ||
College graduate or above | 31.9 (1734) | 41.9 (26) | 21.3 (42) | 29.3 (92) | ||
% Federal Poverty Level | 3.4 | <.001 | ||||
< 100% | 41.6 (2136) | 37.2 (26) | 25.2 (50) | 32.9 (97) | ||
100–199% | 14.1 (801) | 13.6 (10) | 10.1 (21) | 15.1 (42) | ||
200–299% | 13.3 (835) | 8.1 (8) | 13.8 (33) | 14.1 (53) | ||
300–399% | 16.8 (1493) | 23.8 (22) | 26.2 (72) | 22.6 (92) | ||
> 400% | 14.2 (1409) | 17.3 (22) | 24.7 (75) | 15.3 (82) | ||
Insurance Type | 5.3 | <.001 | ||||
Private | 66.7 (3730) | 52.8 (35) | 49.0 (93) | 55.2 (173) | ||
Medicare/Medigap | 1.3 (109) | 6.5 (6) | 0.21 (1) | 2.5 (10) | ||
Medicaid | 6.8 (690) | 2.6 (4) | 11.9 (45) | 11.1 (66) | ||
Other public | 6.7 (525) | 6.4 (5) | 6.9 (21) | 7.1 (23) | ||
None | 18.5 (1620) | 31.7 (38) | 32.0 (91) | 24.2 (94) | ||
Risky Drinker | 45.7 (2902) | 64.5 (57) | 66.8 (169) | 60.2 (219) | 22.0 | <.001 |
Current Smoker | 20.4 (1341) | 41.6 (38) | 46.3 (129) | 37.3 (13) | 37.6 | <.001 |
Exclusively Heterosexual | Lesbian WSW | Bisexual WSW | Heterosexual WSW | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weighted % (95% CI) | X2 | P | ||||
Food insecure | 13.1 (11.94–14.27) | 25.5 (16.60–36.97) | 27.3 (21.09–34.61) | 20.6 (15.98–26.02) | 13.8 | <.001 |
Severe food insecurity | 5.5 (4.75–6.26) | 13.7 (7.94–22.7) | 13.5 (9.40–19.02) | 11.4 (5.42–6.92) | 13.4 | <.001 |
Past 12-month SNAP use | 15.2 (13.59–17.02) | 21.9 (12.9–34.59) | 31.1 (24.9–38.06) | 22.7 (18.44–27.54) | 13.9 | <.001 |
Past 12-month emergency food assistance | 6.8 (5.85, 8.00) | 17.5 (10.31, 28.09) | 14.4 (10.38–19.67) | 12.4 (6.50, 18.65) | 11.0 | <.001 |
Food Insecurity | Severe food insecurity | SNAP use | Emergency food assistance use | |
---|---|---|---|---|
PR (95% CI) | ||||
Sexual Orientation | ||||
Lesbian WSW | 1.52* (1.05–2.20) | 1.84* (1.13–3.01) | 1.13 (0.74–1.73) | 1.89** (1.29–2.79) |
Bisexual WSW | 1.34* (1.05–1.70) | 1.50* (1.04–2.16) | 1.12 (0.94–1.24) | 1.36 (0.97–1.89) |
Heterosexual WSW | 1.35* (1.05–1.72) | 1.68** (1.20–2.36) | 1.20 (0.98–1.47) | 1.43* (1.03–2.00) |
Exclusively heterosexual | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Age | ||||
20–25 | 1.06 (0.90–1.26) | 0.91 (0.68–1.20) | 1.21* (1.03–1.41) | 0.65*** (0.51–0.83) |
26–35 | 1.02 (0.88–1.19) | 1.01 (0.79–1.30) | 1.32*** (1.17–1.48) | 0.85 (0.71–1.03) |
36–45 | 1.16 (0.97–1.39) | 1.16 (0.87–1.56) | 1.03 (0.88–1.19) | 0.95 (0.78–1.17) |
46–59 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Race/Ethnicity | ||||
Person of color | 1.40*** (1.20–1.62) | 1.36** (1.10–1.69) | 1.23*** (1.09–1.38) | 1.06 (0.85–1.31) |
Non-Hispanic White | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Education level | ||||
< High school | 1.18** (1.05–1.32) | 1.05 (0.86–1.26) | 1.38*** (1.25–1.51) | 1.03 (0.87–1.22) |
> High school | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Income | ||||
< 200% FPL | 3.60*** (3.06–4.24) | 4.75*** (3.54–6.39) | 4.14*** (3.42–5.02) | 4.24*** (2.99–6.02) |
> 200% FPL | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Health Insurance | ||||
Public | 1.87*** (1.62–2.16) | 1.66*** (1.34–2.07) | 3.80*** (3.10–4.65) | 3.43*** (2.54–4.62) |
None | 1.67*** (1.43–1.96) | 1.43** (1.10–1.84) | 2.30*** (1.92–2.77) | 2.67*** (1.93–3.68) |
Private | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Risky alcohol user | ||||
Yes | 0.93 (0.83–1.03) | 1.66 (1.34–2.07) | 3.80*** (3.10–4.65) | 3.43** (2.54–4.62) |
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Current smoker | ||||
Yes | 1.46*** (1.27–1.69) | 1.89*** (1.50–2.39) | 1.47*** (1.31–1.65) | 1.78*** (1.45–2.18) |
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Survey Year | 1.10*** (1.06–1.16) | 1.14*** (1.07–1.22) | 1.12*** (1.08–1.18) | 1.05 (0.97–1.13) |