Background
Methods
Study design, study population, and data assessment
Statistical analysis
Ethics
Results
Incidence of patients admitted to hospital with IE according to T2DM status
2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | p-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N, (incidence per 100,000 subjects per year) | T2DM | 468 (15.29) | 534 (17.45) | 538 (18.06) | 615 (21.21) | 513 (17.69) | < 0.001 |
No T2DM | 1385 (6.12) | 1411 (6.23) | 1615 (6.93) | 1518 (6.33) | 1361 (5.68) | 0.111 | |
N, (incidence per 100,000 women per year) | T2DM | 154 (10.64) | 165 (11.4) | 160 (11.36) | 196 (14.3) | 164 (11.96) | 0.056 |
No T2DM | 458 (3.82) | 481 (4.01) | 577 (4.69) | 490 (3.87) | 463 (3.66) | 0.385 | |
N, (incidence per 100,000 men per year) | T2DM | 314 (19.47) | 369 (22.88) | 378 (24.07) | 419 (27.42) | 349 (22.84) | 0.003 |
No T2DM | 927 (8.7) | 930 (8.72) | 1038 (9.44) | 1028 (9.07) | 898 (7.92) | 0.161 | |
Age, mean (SD) | T2DM | 72.94 (10.09) | 72.5 (9.62) | 72.78 (9.62) | 72.53 (9.99) | 73.66 (9.58) | 0.298 |
No T2DM | 69.76 (13.23) | 69.26 (13.19) | 70.16 (13.54) | 69.47 (13.23) | 69.99 (12.7) | 0.330 | |
CCI index, mean (SD) | T2DM | 1.26 (1.07) | 1.4 (1) | 1.5 (1.13) | 1.5 (1.1) | 1.56 (1.11) | < 0.001 |
No T2DM | 1.06 (1.04) | 1.16 (1.05) | 1.15 (1.04) | 1.1 (1.03) | 1.2 (1.08) | 0.006 | |
Previous aortic valve disease, n (%) | T2DM | 115 (24.57) | 146 (27.34) | 118 (21.93) | 175 (28.46) | 135 (26.32) | 0.109 |
No T2DM | 356 (25.7) | 412 (29.2) | 469 (29.04) | 446 (29.38) | 455 (33.43) | 0.001 | |
Previous mitral valve disease, n (%) | T2DM | 110 (23.5) | 121 (22.66) | 145 (26.95) | 156 (25.37) | 138 (26.9) | 0.378 |
No T2DM | 381 (27.51) | 396 (28.07) | 457 (28.3) | 432 (28.46) | 430 (31.59) | 0.138 | |
Previous pulmonic valve disease, n (%) | T2DM | 0 (0) | 3 (0.56) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.16) | 0 (0) | 0.080 |
No T2DM | 4 (0.29) | 5 (0.35) | 3 (0.19) | 1 (0.07) | 5 (0.37) | 0.430 | |
Previous tricuspid valve disease, n (%) | T2DM | 24 (5.13) | 28 (5.24) | 44 (8.18) | 60 (9.76) | 42 (8.19) | 0.011 |
No T2DM | 74 (5.34) | 97 (6.87) | 138 (8.54) | 126 (8.3) | 140 (10.29) | < 0.001 | |
Prosthetic valve carriers, n (%) | T2DM | 59 (12.61) | 44 (8.24) | 57 (10.59) | 53 (8.62) | 43 (8.38) | 0.085 |
No T2DM | 132 (9.53) | 140 (9.92) | 144 (8.92) | 123 (8.1) | 128 (9.4) | 0.483 | |
LOHS, Median (IQR) | T2DM | 19 (27) | 17 (27) | 18.5 (24) | 19 (25) | 18 (23) | 0.633 |
No T2DM | 19 (24) | 19 (27) | 19 (27) | 19 (24) | 19 (23) | 0.994 | |
IHM, n (%) | T2DM | 89 (19.02) | 104 (19.48) | 93 (17.29) | 104 (16.91) | 102 (19.88) | 0.622 |
No T2DM | 226 (16.32) | 207 (14.67) | 280 (17.34) | 276 (18.18) | 249 (18.3) | 0.058 |
Admissions to hospital with a diagnosis of IE: Clinical characteristics and hospital outcomes according to T2DM status
Before PSM | After PSM | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T2DM | No T2DM | p-value | T2DM | No T2DM | p-value | |
N, (incidence per 100,000 women per year) | 839 (11.91) | 2469 (4.01) | < 0.001 | 839 | 839 | NA |
Age, mean (SD) | 75.58 (9) | 73.13 (12.57) | < 0.001 | 75.58 (9) | 76.81 (10.12) | 0.008 |
40–66 years old, n (%) | 122 (14.54) | 678 (27.46) | < 0.001 | 122 (14.54) | 122 (14.54) | 0.008 |
67–75 years old, n (%) | 264 (31.47) | 568 (23.01) | 264 (31.47) | 209 (24.91) | ||
≥ 76 years old, n (%) | 453 (53.99) | 1223 (49.53) | 453 (53.99) | 508 (60.55) | ||
Acute renal disease, n (%) | 205 (24.43) | 489 (19.81) | 0.004 | 205 (24.43) | 200 (23.84) | 0.775 |
Chronic renal disease, n (%) | 257 (30.63) | 394 (15.96) | < 0.001 | 257 (30.63) | 244 (29.08) | 0.488 |
Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 146 (17.4) | 254 (10.29) | < 0.001 | 146 (17.4) | 129 (15.38) | 0.262 |
COPD, n (%) | 35 (4.17) | 74 (3) | 0.100 | 35 (4.17) | 37 (4.41) | 0.810 |
Dementia, n (%) | 34 (4.05) | 60 (2.43) | 0.015 | 34 (4.05) | 31 (3.69) | 0.704 |
Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 319 (38.02) | 872 (35.32) | 0.159 | 319 (38.02) | 308 (36.71) | 0.579 |
COVID-19, n (%) | 6 (0.72) | 13 (0.53) | 0.532 | 6 (0.72) | 6 (0.72) | 0.999 |
Ischemic heart disease, n (%) | 114 (13.59) | 229 (9.28) | < 0.001 | 114 (13.59) | 110 (13.11) | 0.774 |
Previous aortic valve disease, n (%) | 206 (24.55) | 633 (25.64) | 0.533 | 206 (24.55) | 196 (23.36) | 0.567 |
Previous mitral valve disease, n (%) | 268 (31.94) | 788 (31.92) | 0.988 | 268 (31.94) | 263 (31.35) | 0.793 |
Previous pulmonic valve disease, n (%) | 2 (0.24) | 6 (0.24) | 0.981 | 2 (0.24) | 1 (0.12) | 0.563 |
Previous tricuspid valve disease, n (%) | 94 (11.2) | 233 (9.44) | 0.139 | 94 (11.2) | 97 (11.56) | 0.818 |
Prosthetic valve carriers, n (%) | 83 (9.89) | 241 (9.76) | 0.912 | 83 (9.89) | 87 (10.37) | 0.746 |
CCI index, mean (SD) | 1.41 (0.99) | 1.13 (1) | < 0.001 | 1.41 (0.99) | 1.32 (1.07) | 0.097 |
Periannular complications / atrioventricular block, n (%) | 45 (5.36) | 93 (3.77) | 0.046 | 45 (5.36) | 32 (3.81) | 0.129 |
Septic arterial embolism, n (%) | 35 (4.17) | 103 (4.17) | 0.999 | 35 (4.17) | 23 (2.74) | 0.109 |
Cardiogenic shock, n (%) | 14 (1.67) | 52 (2.11) | 0.434 | 14 (1.67) | 16 (1.91) | 0.713 |
Dialysis, n (%) | 64 (7.63) | 105 (4.25) | < 0.001 | 64 (7.63) | 33 (3.93) | 0.001 |
Heart valve surgery (aortic, mitral, tricuspid, pulmonary), n (%) | 121 (14.42) | 414 (16.77) | 0.111 | 121 (14.42) | 108 (12.87) | 0.355 |
Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 87 (10.37) | 254 (10.29) | 0.946 | 87 (10.37) | 74 (8.82) | 0.281 |
Pacemaker implantation, n (%) | 41 (4.89) | 97 (3.93) | 0.231 | 41 (4.89) | 32 (3.81) | 0.290 |
LOHS, Median (IQR) | 18 (25) | 18 (26) | 0.778 | 18 (25) | 18 (26) | 0.823 |
IHM, n (%) | 190 (22.65) | 498 (20.17) | 0.127 | 190 (22.65) | 187 (22.29) | 0.861 |
BEFORE PSM | AFTER PSM | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T2DM | No T2DM | p-value | T2DM | No T2DM | p-value | |
N, (incidence per 100,000 men per year) | 1829 (23.29) | 4821 (8.77) | < 0.001 | 1829 | 1829 | NA |
Age, mean (SD) | 71.61 (9.88) | 67.99 (13.17) | < 0.001 | 71.61 (9.88) | 72.86 (11.07) | < 0.001 |
40–66 years old, n (%) | 543 (29.69) | 2066 (42.85) | < 0.001 | 543 (29.69) | 489 (26.74) | < 0.001 |
67–75 years old, n (%) | 590 (32.26) | 1147 (23.79) | 590 (32.26) | 519 (28.38) | ||
≥ 76 years old, n (%) | 696 (38.05) | 1608 (33.35) | 696 (38.05) | 821 (44.89) | ||
Acute renal disease, n (%) | 463 (25.31) | 1025 (21.26) | < 0.001 | 463 (25.31) | 452 (24.71) | 0.675 |
Chronic renal disease, n (%) | 514 (28.1) | 676 (14.02) | < 0.001 | 514 (28.1) | 457 (24.99) | 0.033 |
Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 294 (16.07) | 432 (8.96) | < 0.001 | 294 (16.07) | 275 (15.04) | 0.386 |
COPD, n (%) | 253 (13.83) | 448 (9.29) | < 0.001 | 253 (13.83) | 256 (14) | 0.886 |
Dementia, n (%) | 31 (1.69) | 76 (1.58) | 0.732 | 31 (1.69) | 30 (1.64) | 0.897 |
Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 545 (29.8) | 1278 (26.51) | 0.007 | 545 (29.8) | 564 (30.84) | 0.494 |
COVID-19, n (%) | 6 (0.33) | 26 (0.54) | 0.266 | 6 (0.33) | 3 (0.16) | 0.317 |
Ischemic heart disease, n (%) | 506 (27.67) | 740 (15.35) | < 0.001 | 506 (27.67) | 477 (26.08) | 0.279 |
Previous aortic valve disease, n (%) | 483 (26.41) | 1505 (31.22) | < 0.001 | 483 (26.41) | 483 (26.41) | 0.999 |
Previous mitral valve disease, n (%) | 402 (21.98) | 1308 (27.13) | < 0.001 | 402 (21.98) | 383 (20.94) | 0.444 |
Previous pulmonic valve disease, n (%) | 2 (0.11) | 12 (0.25) | 0.268 | 2 (0.11) | 1 (0.05) | 0.564 |
Previous tricuspid valve disease, n (%) | 104 (5.69) | 342 (7.09) | 0.040 | 104 (5.69) | 88 (4.81) | 0.236 |
Prosthetic valve carriers, n (%) | 173 (9.46) | 426 (8.84) | 0.429 | 173 (9.46) | 163 (8.91) | 0.567 |
CCI index, mean (SD) | 1.47 (1.13) | 1.14 (1.07) | < 0.001 | 1.47 (1.13) | 1.39 (1.16) | 0.053 |
Periannular complications / atrioventricular block, n (%) | 122 (6.67) | 288 (5.97) | 0.292 | 122 (6.67) | 96 (5.25) | 0.069 |
Septic arterial embolism, n (%) | 67 (3.66) | 221 (4.58) | 0.099 | 67 (3.66) | 52 (2.84) | 0.162 |
Cardiogenic shock, n (%) | 35 (1.91) | 126 (2.61) | 0.097 | 35 (1.91) | 45 (2.46) | 0.258 |
Dialysis, n (%) | 118 (6.45) | 213 (4.42) | 0.001 | 118 (6.45) | 88 (4.81) | 0.031 |
Heart valve surgery (aortic, mitral, tricuspid, pulmonary), n (%) | 336 (18.37) | 1123 (23.29) | < 0.001 | 336 (18.37) | 320 (17.5) | 0.490 |
Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 207 (11.32) | 545 (11.3) | 0.988 | 207 (11.32) | 192 (10.5) | 0.426 |
Pacemaker implantation, n (%) | 121 (6.62) | 244 (5.06) | 0.013 | 121 (6.62) | 87 (4.76) | 0.015 |
LOHS, Median (IQR) | 19 (25) | 20 (25) | 0.866 | 19 (25) | 19 (24) | 0.556 |
IHM, n (%) | 302 (16.51) | 740 (15.35) | 0.244 | 302 (16.51) | 333 (18.21) | 0.176 |
Sex-differences in the incidence, clinical characteristics, and hospital outcomes in patients with T2DM admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of IE
BEFORE PSM | AFTER PSM | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T2DM Men | T2DM Women | p-value | T2DM Men | T2DM Women | p-value | |
N, (incidence per 100,000 subjects per year) | 1829 (23.29) | 839 (11.91) | < 0.001 | 839 | 839 | NA |
Age, mean (SD) | 71.61 (9.88) | 75.58 (9) | < 0.001 | 76.29 (7.65) | 75.58 (9) | 0.081 |
40–66 years old, n (%) | 543 (29.69) | 122 (14.54) | < 0.001 | 81 (9.65) | 122 (14.54) | 0.004 |
67–75 years old, n (%) | 590 (32.26) | 264 (31.47) | 302 (36) | 264 (31.47) | ||
≥ 76 years old, n (%) | 696 (38.05) | 453 (53.99) | 456 (54.35) | 453 (53.99) | ||
Acute renal disease, n (%) | 463 (25.31) | 205 (24.43) | 0.626 | 200 (23.84) | 205 (24.43) | 0.775 |
Chronic renal disease, n (%) | 514 (28.1) | 257 (30.63) | 0.181 | 247 (29.44) | 257 (30.63) | 0.594 |
Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 294 (16.07) | 146 (17.4) | 0.391 | 133 (15.85) | 146 (17.4) | 0.394 |
COPD, n (%) | 253 (13.83) | 35 (4.17) | < 0.001 | 40 (4.78) | 35 (4.17) | 0.554 |
Dementia, n (%) | 31 (1.69) | 34 (4.05) | < 0.001 | 25 (2.98) | 34 (4.05) | 0.233 |
Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 545 (29.8) | 319 (38.02) | < 0.001 | 309 (36.83) | 319 (38.02) | 0.614 |
COVID-19, n (%) | 6 (0.33) | 6 (0.72) | 0.165 | 6 (0.72) | 6 (0.72) | 0.999 |
Ischemic heart disease, n (%) | 506 (27.67) | 114 (13.59) | < 0.001 | 132 (15.73) | 114 (13.59) | 0.214 |
Previous aortic valve disease, n (%) | 483 (26.41) | 206 (24.55) | 0.309 | 192 (22.88) | 206 (24.55) | 0.422 |
Previous mitral valve disease, n (%) | 402 (21.98) | 268 (31.94) | < 0.001 | 260 (30.99) | 268 (31.94) | 0.674 |
Previous pulmonic valve disease, n (%) | 2 (0.11) | 2 (0.24) | 0.424 | 1 (0.12) | 2 (0.24) | 0.563 |
Previous tricuspid valve disease, n (%) | 104 (5.69) | 94 (11.2) | < 0.001 | 73 (8.7) | 94 (11.2) | 0.087 |
Prosthetic valve carriers, n (%) | 173 (9.46) | 83 (9.89) | 0.724 | 84 (10.01) | 83 (9.89) | 0.935 |
CCI index, mean (SD) | 1.47 (1.13) | 1.41 (0.99) | 0.170 | 1.26 (1.05) | 1.41 (0.99) | 0.004 |
Periannular complications / atrioventricular block, n (%) | 122 (6.67) | 45 (5.36) | 0.196 | 53 (6.32) | 45 (5.36) | 0.405 |
Septic arterial embolism, n (%) | 67 (3.66) | 35 (4.17) | 0.525 | 34 (4.05) | 35 (4.17) | 0.902 |
Cardiogenic shock, n (%) | 35 (1.91) | 14 (1.67) | 0.662 | 9 (1.07) | 14 (1.67) | 0.294 |
Dialysis, n (%) | 118 (6.45) | 64 (7.63) | 0.263 | 41 (4.89) | 64 (7.63) | 0.020 |
Heart valve surgery (aortic, mitral, tricuspid, pulmonary), n (%) | 336 (18.37) | 121 (14.42) | 0.012 | 123 (14.66) | 121 (14.42) | 0.890 |
Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 207 (11.32) | 87 (10.37) | 0.468 | 65 (7.75) | 87 (10.37) | 0.061 |
Pacemaker implantation, n (%) | 121 (6.62) | 41 (4.89) | 0.083 | 50 (5.96) | 41 (4.89) | 0.332 |
LOHS, Median (IQR) | 19 (25) | 18 (25) | 0.257 | 19 (26) | 18 (25) | 0.329 |
IHM, n (%) | 302 (16.51) | 190 (22.65) | < 0.001 | 151 (18.00) | 190 (22.65) | 0.018 |
Variables associated with IHM in diabetic men and women with IE: Multivariable analysis
MEN | WOMEN | BOTH | |
---|---|---|---|
OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
40–66 years old | 1 | 1 | 1 |
67–75 years old | 1.34 (0.93–1.95) | 1.13 (0.61–2.09) | 1.04 (0.66–1.65) |
≥ 76 years old | 2.15 (1.5–3.09) | 1.8 (1.01–3.25) | 1.52 (0.97–2.36) |
Acute renal disease | 2.33 (1.75–3.11) | 2.27 (1.52–3.4) | 2.01 (1.52–2.67) |
Congestive heart failure | 1.52 (1.12–2.02) | 1.78 (1.21–3.02) | 1.61 (1.21–2.33) |
Ischemic heart disease | NS | 1.64 (1.01–2.7) | 1.75 (1.19–2.58) |
Septic arterial embolism | 2.52 (1.14–5.57) | 4.55 (2.1–9.85) | 2.88 (1.86–4.66) |
Cardiogenic shock | 2.76 (1.25–6.1) | 6.99 (1.89–25.84) | 3.87 (1.48–10.12) |
Dialysis | 2.27 (1.43–3.61) | 3.78 (2.03–7.05) | 2.21 (1.38–3.54) |
Mechanical ventilation | 2.58 (1.74–3.81) | 3.16 (1.76–5.69) | 3.44 (2.26–5.23) |
Pacemaker implantation | 0.29 (0.14–0.61) | NS | 0.44 (0.22–0.89) |
Staphylococcus bacteremia | 1.33 (1.01–1.78) | NS | 1.47 (1.11–1.95) |
Streptococcus bacteremia | 0.48 (0.31–0.76) | 0.57 (0.33–1) | 0.49 (0.32–0.73) |
Female sex | NA | NA | 1.24 (1.02–1.59) |
MEN | WOMEN | BOTH | |
---|---|---|---|
OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | |
40–66 years old | 1 | 1 | 1 |
67–75 years old | 1.34 (1.02–1.76) | 1.14 (0.73–1.78) | 1.35 (1.07–1.69) |
≥ 76 years old | 2.22 (1.71–2.89) | 1.87 (1.24–2.84) | 2.12 (1.7–2.64) |
Acute renal disease | 2.12 (1.73–2.6) | 2.19 (1.65–2.9) | 1.98 (1.68–2.33) |
Chronic renal disease | 1.22 (1.01–1.51) | 1.18 (1–1.39) | |
Congestive heart failure | 1.96 (1.72–2.42) | 2.11 (1.79–3.20) | 2.01 (1.68–2.87 |
Ischemic heart disease | 1.27 (1.04–1.55) | 1.41 (1.14–1.72) | 1.34 (1.11–1.57) |
Septic arterial embolism | 3.73 (2.07–6.73) | 1.78 (1.24–2.56) | |
Cardiogenic shock | 4.35 (2.59–7.28) | 5.5 (2.24–13.5) | 4.02 (2.58–6.25) |
Dialysis | 1.8 (1.27–2.56) | 3.4 (2.07–5.58) | 1.91 (1.44–2.53) |
Heart valve surgery (aortic, mitral, tricuspid, pulmonary) | 0.74 (0.56–0.97) | ||
Mechanical ventilation | 3.49 (2.65–4.6) | 2.63 (1.73–4) | 3.06 (2.44–3.84) |
Pacemaker implantation | 0.34 (0.2–0.57) | 0.34 (0.22–0.53) | |
Staphylococcus bacteremia | 1.29 (1.05–1.58) | 1.49 (1.26–1.74) | |
Streptococcus bacteremia | 0.44 (0.32–0.59) | 0.39 (0.26–0.58) | 0.43 (0.34–0.55) |
Female sex | NA | NA | 1.31 (1.11–1.54) |
T2DM | 0.87 (0.72–1.05) | 0.93 (0.72–1.2) | 0.92 (0.8–1.07) |