Impact statements
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A range of clinical pharmacy practice guidelines have been published with a greater focus on medication review and optimisation and less on areas including communication skills and person-centred care.
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Clinical pharmacy guidelines need to focus more on all quality domains such as the use of evidence in guideline development.
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There is a need to develop international best practice guidelines which could be adapted in different countries in the context of national policies and practices, given the resources identified in this study were restricted in scope to a specific country or setting.
Introduction
Aim
Method
Eligibility criteria and study selection
Information sources and search strategy
Selection process
Data collection process
Quality assessment
Results
General characteristics of eligible guidelines
Aim/Scope and targeted clinical pharmacy service/ activity/ process | Organization & country | Year | Professional standards stipulated | Target healthcare professional group | Target clinical setting |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Practice guidelines for clinical pharmacists in South Africa to standardise quality clinical pharmacy services [18] | School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, South Africa | 2020 | Yes | Policy makers and clinical pharmacists | All settings |
Guidelines for therapeutic interchange [19] | American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP), USA | 2022 | No | All healthcare professionals (HCPs) involved with therapeutic interchange | All settings |
Guide to undertaking person-centred Inpatient, outpatient, & dispensary-based pharmacy consultations [20] | Pharmacy Dept, London NW University Hospitals Trust, UK | 2019 | Yes | Pharmacists involved in patient consultations | Hospital settings |
Guidance for pharmacist prescribing (service, activities and procedures) [21] | General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC), UK | 2019 | Yes | All pharmacy professionals competent to independent / supplementary prescribe | All settings |
Guidance on the medication reconciliation process [22] | Society of Hospital Pharmacists of Australia (SHPA) | 2013 | Yes | Pharmacy professionals | Hospital settings |
Guidance on the process for medication management and review [23] | SHPA | 2013 | Yes | Pharmacists | Not specifically stated |
Guidance on clinical review therapeutic drug monitoring and adverse drug reaction management [24] | SHPA | 2013 | Yes | Pharmacists | All settings |
Guidance on developing a medication management plan [25] | SHPA | 2013 | Yes | All HCPs | All settings |
Guidance on providing medicines information [26] | SHPA | 2013 | Yes | Pharmacists | Hospital settings |
Guidance on facilitating continuity of medication management on transition between care settings [27] | SHPA | 2013 | Yes | Pharmacists | All settings |
Guidance on participating in interdisciplinary planning [28] | SHPA | 2013 | Yes | Pharmacists | Hospital settings |
Guidance on how to use resources effectively in prioritising clinical pharmacy services [29] | SHPA | 2013 | Yes | Pharmacist | All settings |
Guidance on documenting clinical activities [30] | SHPA | 2013 | Yes | Pharmacists | All settings |
Guidelines on the disposal of medicinal products for a retail pharmacy business [31] | Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland (PSI) | 2017 | Yes | Retail pharmacy businesses professionals | Community pharmacy |
Guidelines on counselling and medicine therapy review in the supply of prescribed medicinal products from a retail pharmacy business [32] | PSI | 2019 | No | Pharmacists | Community pharmacy |
Guidelines on keeping records in respect of medicinal products when conducting a retail pharmacy business [33] | PSI | 2019 | No | Pharmacists | Community pharmacy |
Guidelines on the sale or supply of non-prescription medicinal products from retail pharmacy business [34] | PSI | 2018 | No | Pharmacists | Community pharmacy |
Guidance on the provision of testing services in pharmacies [35] | PSI | 2019 | No | Pharmacists | Community pharmacy |
Guidance on the delivery of medicines dispensed on foot of a prescription from a retail pharmacy business [36] | PSI | 2014 | No | Pharmacists | Community pharmacy |
Guidance on the provision of vaccination services by pharmacists in retail pharmacy businesses [37] | PSI | 2022 | No | Pharmacists | Community pharmacy |
Guidance for pharmacists on extemporaneous dispensing [38] | PSI | 2015 | No | Pharmacists | Community pharmacy |
Guidance on undertaking medicines optimisation activities [39] | Czech Professional Society of Clinical Pharmacists, Czech Republic | 2013 | Yes | Clinical pharmacists | Hospital and ambulatory care settings |
Guidelines to conduct clinically oriented consultations in delivering pharmaceutical care interventions in community pharmacies [40] | Union of Pharmaceutical Associations, Serbia | 2021 | Yes | Community pharmacists | Community pharmacy |
Guidance on good pharmaceutical practice [41] | Bulgarian Pharmaceutical Union and Ministry of Health | 2020 | Yes | Pharmacists | All settings |
Guidelines on the processes and activities undertaken within community pharmacies [42] | National pharmaceutical society of Estonia | 2021 | Yes | Community pharmacists | Community pharmacy |
Guideline for conducting patient consultations in community pharmacy [43] | The Dutch Royal Pharmaceutical Society | 2021 | Yes | Community pharmacists | Community pharmacy |
Guideline for conducting clinical medication review in community pharmacy [44] | The Dutch Royal Pharmaceutical Society | 2013 | Yes | Community pharmacists | Community pharmacy |
Guideline for conducting clinical risk management/ medication surveillance related to dispensing in community pharmacy [45] | The Dutch Royal Pharmaceutical Society | 2016 | Yes | Community pharmacists | Community pharmacy |
Guidance on delivering comprehensive medication management (CMM) [46] | Comprehensive Medication Management in Primary Care Research Team, USA | 2018 | Yes | Clinical pharmacists, other HCPs, students and educators | Primary care |
Guidance on patient- centred consultation skills [47] | Centre for Pharmacy Postgraduate Education, England | 2019 | Yes | Pharmacists and pharmacy technicians | All settings |
Guidelines on dispensing practices [48] | Pharmaceutical Society of Australia | 2019 | Yes | Pharmacists | All settings |
Guidelines on using the SBAR Tool to facilitate professional communication [49] | Institute for Healthcare Improvement, USA | 2017 | Yes | All HCPs | All settings |
Guidelines on a patient-centred approach to support medication adherence [50] | National Institute of Clinical Excellence, (NICE) England | 2019 | Yes | All HCPs | All settings |
Guidance on the delivery of patient-centred care [51] | Joint Commission of Pharmacy Practitioners, USA | 2014 | No | Pharmacists | All settings |
Guidance on managing medicines in care homes [52] | NICE | 2014 | Yes | All HCPs who provide care in care homes | Care homes |
Medicines optimisation guidelines to support the safe and effective use of medicines [53] | NICE | 2014 | Yes | Health and social care professionals, commissioners, providers, people taking one or more medicines, their families and carers | All settings |
Medicines optimisation guidelines to help patients to make the most of medicines [54] | Royal Pharmaceutical Society, UK | 2013 | No | All HCPs | All settings |
Comprehensive medication management guidelines [55] | Patient Centred Primary Care Collaboration, USA | 2012 | No | All HCPs working in primary care | All settings |
Extent to which guidelines supported delivery of person-centred care
Guideline | Advocates for patient involvement in decision making | Includes recommendations for effective communication | Advocates for multidisciplinary working | Advocates for referral to other services | Advocates for patient monitoring and follow up | Advocates for patient safety | Advocates for involving family and carers | Advocates for providing culturally sensitive information | Includes consideration for people with physical, sensory or learning disabilities |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[18] | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
[19] | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No |
[20] | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No |
[21] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
[22] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | In part |
[23] | Yes | In part | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
[24] | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No* |
[25] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No |
[26] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No |
[27] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No |
[28] | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
[29] | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No |
[30] | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No |
[31] | N/a | In part | In part | N/a | N/a | Yes | No | No | No |
[32] | Yes | Yes | N/a | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
[33] | N/a | N/a | N/a | N/a | N/a | Yes | N/a | N/a | N/a |
[34] | Yes | Yes | N/a | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
[35] | Yes | Yes | N/a | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
[36] | Yes | Yes | N/a | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No |
[37] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
[38] | Yes | No | N/a | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No |
[39] | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
[40] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
[41] | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
[42] | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No |
[43] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
[44] | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
[45] | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes |
[46] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
[47] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
[48] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | In part | In part |
[49] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
[50] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
[51] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
[52] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
[53] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
[54] | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
[55] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No |
AGREE II scores
Guideline | Domain 1 (%) | Domain 2 (%) | Domain 3 (%) | Domain 4 (%) | Domain 5 (%) | Domain 6 (%) | Overall quality (1–7) | Recommendation of use |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[18] | 71.0 | 24.0 | 18.0 | 71.0 | 42.0 | 79.0 | 4 | Recommended with modification |
[19] | 47.0 | 43.0 | 45.0 | 86.0 | 36.0 | 79.0 | 4 | Recommended with modification |
[20] | 38.0 | 43.0 | 14.0 | 57.0 | 25.0 | 14.0 | 2 | Recommended with modification |
[21] | 100.0 | 66.7 | 33.3 | 83.3 | 52.1 | 41.7 | 6 | Recommended with modification |
[22] | 80.0 | 24.0 | 32.0 | 80.0 | 52.0 | 35.0 | 5 | Recommended with modification |
[23] | 86.0 | 29.0 | 34.0 | 100.0 | 79.0 | 57.0 | 5 | Recommended with modification |
[24] | 94.4 | 52.8 | 24.0 | 86.1 | 56.3 | 29.2 | 5 | Recommended with modification |
[25] | 38.1 | 28.6 | 18.4 | 71.4 | 25.0 | 14.3 | 2 | Not recommended |
[26] | 38.1 | 23.8 | 14.3 | 66.7 | 23.8 | 14.3 | 2 | Not recommended |
[27] | 38.1 | 21.4 | 16.1 | 76.2 | 17.8 | 14.3 | 2 | Not recommended |
[28] | 38.1 | 23.8 | 14.3 | 61.9 | 14.3 | 14.3 | 2 | Not recommended |
[29] | 19.0 | 19.0 | 14.3 | 61.9 | 14.3 | 14.3 | 2 | Not recommended |
[30] | 57.1 | 33.3 | 14.3 | 76.2 | 23.8 | 14.3 | 2 | Not recommended |
[31] | 100.0 | 57.0 | 38.0 | 100.0 | 86.0 | 57.0 | 6 | Recommended |
[32] | 86.0 | 14.0 | 14.0 | 48.0 | 50.0 | 14.0 | 3 | Recommended with modification |
[33] | 67.0 | 14.0 | 14.0 | 52.0 | 50.0 | 14.0 | 3 | Recommended with modification |
[34] | 86.0 | 14.0 | 14.0 | 52.0 | 50.0 | 14.0 | 3 | Recommended with modification |
[35] | 86.0 | 14.0 | 14.0 | 48.0 | 64.0 | 14.0 | 3 | Recommended with modification |
[36] | 71.0 | 14.0 | 14.0 | 48.0 | 54.0 | 14.0 | 3 | Recommended with modification |
[37] | 100.0 | 43.0 | 14.0 | 48.0 | 61.0 | 14.0 | 4 | Recommended |
[38] | 86.0 | 14.0 | 14.0 | 43.0 | 50.0 | 14.0 | 3 | Recommended |
[39] | 94.4 | 63.9 | 24.0 | 94.4 | 64.6 | 29.2 | 6 | Recommended with modification |
[40] | 100 | 63.9 | 53.1 | 94.4 | 41.7 | 41.7 | 6 | Recommended with modification |
[41] | 72.2 | 38.9 | 8.3 | 44.4 | 20.8 | 25.0 | 2 | Not recommended |
[42] | 88.9 | 66.7 | 14.6 | 52.8 | 39.6 | 25.0 | 5 | Not recommended |
[43] | 90.0 | 86.0 | 65.0 | 100.0 | 64.0 | 52.0 | 6 | Recommended with modification |
[44] | 71.0 | 57.0 | 57.0 | 66.0 | 40.0 | 36.0 | 5 | Recommended with modification |
[45] | 86.0 | 52.0 | 60.0 | 84.0 | 25.0 | 36.0 | 5 | Recommended with modification |
[46] | 90.0 | 54.0 | 54.0 | 100.0 | 64.0 | 57.0 | 6 | Recommended |
[47] | 100.0 | 57.0 | 68.0 | 100.0 | 89.0 | 57.0 | 6 | Recommended |
[48] | 100.0 | 100.0 | 73.0 | 100.0 | 79.0 | 57.0 | 6 | Recommended |
[49] | 100.0 | 43.0 | 46.0 | 100.0 | 79.0 | 57.0 | 6 | Recommended |
[50] | 100.0 | 100.0 | 78.0 | 76.0 | 53.5 | 64.0 | 6 | Recommended with modification |
[51] | 66.6 | 52.3 | 37.5 | 57.1 | 61.9 | 47.6 | 3 | Not recommended |
[52] | 100 | 100 | 77 | 85.7 | 64.2 | 85.7 | 6 | Recommended |
[53] | 100 | 100 | 80.4 | 76.1 | 60.7 | 64.3 | 6 | Recommended |
[54] | 76.1 | 52.3 | 53.5 | 57.1 | 35.7 | 57.1 | 4 | Recommended with modification |
[55] | 71.4 | 80.9 | 48.2 | 66.6 | 75.0 | 47.6 | 4 | Recommended with modification |