Background
Methods
Study participants
Data collection
Resting heart rate
Chronic kidney disease
Diabetes
Hypertension
Cardiovascular disease
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics
Participant (n = 19,210) | Men | Women | p-value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | Non-CKD | CKD | Overall | Non-CKD | CKD | ||
n = 8,659 | n = 7,690 | n = 969 | n = 10,551 | n = 9,408 | n = 1,143 | ||
Resting heart rate, mean ± SE, n (%) | 68.2 ± 0.1 | 68.0 ± 0.1 | 69.2 ± 0.3* | 69.8 ± 0.1 | 69.7 ± 0.1 | 70.5 ± 0.3* | < 0.001 |
< 60 bpm | 876 (10.1) | 773 (10.1) | 103 (10.6) | 548 (5.2) | 475 (5.0) | 73 (6.4) | < 0.001 |
60-69 bpm | 4,491 (51.9) | 4,021 (52.3) | 470 (48.5) | 5,325 (50.5) | 4,804 (51.1) | 521 (45.6) | |
70-79 bpm | 2,071 (23.9) | 1,857 (24.1) | 214 (22.1) | 2,844 (27.0) | 2,536 (27.0) | 308 (26.9) | |
80-89 bpm | 1,049 (12.1) | 902 (11.7) | 147 (15.2) | 1,571 (14.9) | 1,374 (14.6) | 197 (17.2) | |
≥ 90 bpm | 172 (2.0) | 137 (1.8) | 35 (3.6) | 263 (2.5) | 219 (2.3) | 44 (3.8) | |
Age, mean ± SD, n (%) | 49.5 ± 16.4 | 47.9 ± 16.0 | 44.7 ± 0.1* | 50.6 ± 16.3 | 49.2 ± 15.8 | 62.2 ± 15.0* | < 0.001 |
BMI, mean ± SE, n (%) | 24.1 ± 0.03 | 24.1 ± 0.04 | 24.7 ± 3.5* | 23.5 ± 0.0 | 23.32 ± 0.0 | 24.67 ± 0.1* | < 0.001 |
ACR, mean ± SE, n (%) | 20.8 ± 1.6 | 4.7 ± 0.1 | 148.8 ± 13.3* | 19.3 ± 1.3 | 5.7 ± 0.1 | 131.2 ± 11.7* | < 0.001 |
≥ 30 mg/g | 107 (1.2) | (0.0) | 107 (11.0) | 94 (0.9) | (0.0) | 94 (8.2) | 0.016 |
eGRF, mean ± SE, n (%) | 85.4 ± 0.2 | 87.3 ± 0.2 | 70.9 ± 0.6* | 89.2 ± 0.1 | 90.9 ± 0.1 | 75.5 ± 0.6* | < 0.001 |
< 60 ml/min/1.73m2 | 411 (4.7) | (0.0) | 411 (42.4) | 401 (3.8) | (0.0) | 401 (35.1) | |
Unawareness of CKD, n (%) | 942 (10.9) | (0.0) | 942 (97.2) | 1,100 (10.4) | (0.0) | 1,100 (96.2) | |
Prevalence of diabetes, n (%) | 1,272 (14.7) | 863 (11.2) | 409 (42.2) | 1,261 (12.0) | 909 (9.7) | 352 (30.8) | < 0.001 |
Family history of diabetes, n (%) | 1,210 (14.0) | 1,102 (14.3) | 108 (11.1) | 1,557 (14.8) | 1,444 (15.3) | 113 (9.9) | |
Diabetes duration | < 0.001 | ||||||
< 7 yr | 375 (4.3) | 259 (3.4) | 116 (12.0) | 362 (3.4) | 278 (3.0) | 84 (7.3) | |
≥ 7 yr | 388 (4.5) | 220 (2.9) | 168 (17.3) | 386 (3.7) | 240 (2.6) | 146 (12.8) | |
Missing | 7,896 (91.2) | 7,211 (93.8) | 685 (70.7) | 9,803 (92.9) | 8,890 (94.5) | 913 (79.9) | |
Hypertension | 3,013 (34.8) | 2,343 (30.5) | 670 (69.1)* | 3,125 (29.6) | 2,387 (25.4) | 738 (64.6)* | < 0.001 |
Family history of hypertension, n (%) | 2,444 (28.2) | 2,221 (28.9) | 223 (23.0) | 3,263 (30.9) | 3,000 (31.9) | 263 (23.0)* | < 0.001 |
Hypertension duration | < 0.001 | ||||||
< 7 yr | 922 (10.6) | 720 (9.4) | 202 (20.8)* | 1,123 (10.6) | 902 (9.6) | 221 (19.3)* | |
≥ 7 yr | 818 (9.4) | 540 (7.0) | 278 (28.7) | 1,125 (10.7) | 784 (8.3) | 341 (29.8) | |
Missing | 6,919 (79.9) | 6,430 (83.6) | 489 (50.5) | 8,303 (78.7) | 7,722 (82.1) | 581 (50.8) | |
Prevalence of CVD, n (%) | 276 (3.2) | 201 (2.6) | 75 (7.7) | 262 (2.5) | 185 (2.0) | 77 (6.7) | < 0.001 |
Alcohol, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||||
Never | 1,329 (15.3) | 1,097 (14.3) | 232 (23.9)* | 3,782 (35.8) | 3,211 (34.1) | 571 (50.0)* | |
< 10 g/day | 1,616 (18.7) | 1,468 (19.1) | 148 (15.3) | 3,763 (35.7) | 3,440 (36.6) | 323 (28.3) | |
≥ 10 g/day | 5,327 (61.5) | 4,795 (62.4) | 532 (54.9) | 2,666 (25.3) | 2,467 (26.2) | 199 (17.4) | |
Smoking, n(%) | < 0.001 | ||||||
Never | 1,800 (20.8) | 1,641 (21.3) | 159 (16.4)* | 9,191 (87.1) | 8,195 (87.1) | 996 (87.1) | |
Past | 3,174 (36.7) | 2,716 (35.3) | 458 (47.3) | 497 (4.7) | 450 (4.8) | 47 (4.1) | |
Current | 3,296 (38.1) | 3,003 (39.1) | 293 (30.2) | 515 (4.9) | 468 (5.0) | 47 (4.1) | |
Education, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||||
Elementary school | 1,281 (14.8) | 1,022 (13.3) | 259 (26.7)* | 3,040 (28.8) | 2,408 (25.6) | 632 (55.3)* | |
Middle school | 967 (11.2) | 826 (10.7) | 141 (14.6) | 1,083 (10.3) | 958 (10.2) | 125 (10.9) | |
High school | 3,046 (35.2) | 2,744 (35.7) | 302 (31.2) | 3,248 (30.8) | 3,026 (32.2) | 222 (19.4) | |
Complemented Univ | 2,916 (33.7) | 2,706 (35.2) | 210 (21.7) | 2,758 (26.1) | 2,654 (28.2) | 104 (9.1) | |
Income, n (%) | 0.882 | ||||||
Low | 2,018 (23.3) | 1,763 (22.9) | 255 (26.3) † | 2,507 (23.8) | 2,223 (23.6) | 284 (24.8) | |
Middle low | 2,190 (25.3) | 1,940 (25.2) | 250 (25.8) | 2,613 (24.8) | 2,335 (24.8) | 278 (24.3) | |
Middle high | 2,184 (25.2) | 1,957 (25.4) | 227 (23.4) | 2,645 (25.1) | 2,345 (24.9) | 300 (26.2) | |
High | 2,198 (25.4) | 1,974 (25.7) | 224 (23.1) | 2,697 (25.6) | 2,428 (25.8) | 269 (23.5) | |
Physical activity, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||||
< 150 min/week | 4,819 (55.7) | 4,239 (55.1) | 580 (59.9) † | 7,139 (67.7) | 6,324 (67.2) | 815 (71.3)* | |
≥ 150 min/week | 3,393 (39.2) | 3,065 (39.9) | 328 (33.8) | 2,985 (28.3) | 2,717 (28.9) | 268 (23.4) | |
Blood pressure, mmHg, mean ± SE | |||||||
SBP | 120.8 ± 0.2 | 119.7 ± 0.2 | 129.3 ± 0.6* | 117.0 ± 0.1 | 115.5 ± 0.1 | 129.3 ± 0.6* | < 0.001 |
DBP | 77.9 ± 0.1 | 77.9 ± 0.1 | 78.2 ± 0.4† | 73.5 ± 0.1 | 73.2 ± 0.1 | 75.6 ± 0.4† | < 0.001 |
Blood markers, mean ± SE | |||||||
Glucose, mg/dL | 101.0 ± 0.2 | 99.2 ± 0.2 | 114.9 ± 1.1* | 97.0 ± 0.2 | 95.6 ± 0.2 | 108.5 ± 1.0* | < 0.001 |
HbA1c, % | 5.83 ± 0.01 | 5.76 ± 0.01 | 6.46 ± 0.04* | 5.78 ± 0.01 | 5.73 ± 0.01 | 6.2 ± 0.03* | < 0.001 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 187.0 ± 0.4 | 187.2 ± 0.4 | 185.8 ± 1.2 | 191.4 ± 0.3 | 190.9 ± 0.4 | 196.0 ± 1.2* | < 0.001 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL | 155.3 ± 1.4 | 152.3 ± 1.4 | 178.6 ± 4.6* | 116.6 ± 0.8 | 112.7 ± 0.8 | 148.3 ± 2.9* | < 0.001 |
HDL, mg/dL | 47.4 ± 0.1 | 47.7 ± 0.1 | 45.3 ± 0.4* | 53.3 ± 0.1 | 53.8 ± 0.1 | 49.4 ± 0.3* | < 0.001 |
AST, IU/L | 24.5 ± 0.2 | 24.2 ± 0.2 | 26.9 ± 0.5* | 20.7 ± 0.1 | 20.4 ± 0.1 | 23.1 ± 0.4* | < 0.001 |
ALT, IU/L | 25.9 ± 0.2 | 25.9 ± 0.3 | 26.0 ± 0.6* | 17.9 ± 0.1 | 17.6 ± 0.1 | 20.2 ± 0.5* | < 0.001 |
Men n = 8,659 | < 60 bpm | 60–69 bpm | 70–79 bpm | 80–89 bpm | ≥ 90 bpm | p-trend |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 876 | n = 4,491 | n = 2,071 | n = 1,049 | n = 172 | ||
Age, mean ± SD, n (%) | 54.2 ± 15.4 | 49.7 ± 16.1 | 47.9 ± 16.4 | 48.1 ± 17.6 | 49.1 ± 17.1 | < 0.001 |
BMI, mean ± SE, n (%) | 23.90 ± 0.09 | 24.24 ± 0.05 | 24.16 ± 0.07 | 23.85 ± 0.10 | 23.52 ± 0.28 | < 0.001 |
Prevalence of CKD, n(%) | 103 (11.8) | 470 (10.5) | 214 (10.3) | 147 (14.0) | 35 (20.3) | < 0.001 |
ACR, mean ± SE, n (%) | 19.7 ± 3.7 | 19.6 ± 2.1 | 15.0 ± 1.6 | 35.4 ± 7.7 | 41.7 ± 11.4 | < 0.001 |
≥ 30 mg/g | 132 (15.1) | 708 (15.8) | 380 (18.3) | 251 (23.9) | 63 (36.6) | < 0.001 |
eGRF, mean ± SE, n (%) | 82.1 ± 0.5 | 85.3 ± 0.2 | 86.4 ± 0.3 | 86.3 ± 0.5 | 89.3 ± 1.6 | < 0.001 |
< 60 ml/min/1.73m2 | 51 (5.8) | 207 (4.6) | 74 (3.6) | 66 (6.3) | 13 (7.6) | < 0.001 |
Unawareness of CKD, n (%) | 100 (11.4) | 456 (10.2) | 211 (10.2) | 141 (13.4) | 34 (19.8) | < 0.001 |
Prevalence of diabetes, n (%) | 121 (13.8) | 561 (12.5) | 338 (16.3) | 205 (19.5) | 47 (27.3) | < 0.001 |
Family history of diabetes, n (%) | 104 (11.9) | 620 (13.8) | 305 (14.7) | 153 (14.6) | 28 (16.3) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes duration | < 0.001 | |||||
< 7 yr | 37 (4.2) | 154 (3.4) | 109 (5.3) | 66 (6.3) | 9 (5.2) | |
≥ 7 yr | 36 (4.1) | 175 (3.9) | 94 (4.5) | 60 (5.7) | 23 (13.4) | |
Missing | 121 (13.8) | 561 (12.5) | 338 (16.3) | 205 (19.5) | 47 (27.3) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension | 325 (37.1) | 1,519 (33.8) | 708 (34.2) | 383 (36.5) | 78 (45.3) | < 0.001 |
Family history of hypertension, n (%) | 216 (24.7) | 1,285 (28.6) | 594 (28.7) | 303 (28.9) | 46 (26.7) | 0.030 |
Hypertension duration | 0.913 | |||||
< 7 yr | 140 (16.0) | 456 (10.2) | 202 (9.8) | 103 (9.8) | 21 (12.2) | |
≥ 7 yr | 91 (10.4) | 427 (9.5) | 186 (9.0) | 100 (9.5) | 14 (8.1) | |
Missing | 325 (37.1) | 1,519 (33.8) | 708 (34.2) | 383 (36.5) | 78 (45.3) | < 0.001 |
Prevalence of CVD, n (%) | 49 (5.6) | 146 (3.3) | 52 (2.5) | 27 (2.6) | 2 (1.2) | < 0.001 |
Alcohol, n (%) | 0.334 | |||||
Never | 155 (17.7) | 680 (15.1) | 305 (14.7) | 154 (14.7) | 35 (20.3) | |
< 10 g/day | 412 (47.0) | 2,141 (47.7) | 963 (46.5) | 463 (44.1) | 65 (37.8) | |
≥ 10 g/day | 268 (30.6) | 1,484 (33.0) | 710 (34.3) | 373 (35.6) | 64 (37.2) | |
Smoking, n(%) | < 0.001 | |||||
Never | 165 (18.8) | 929 (20.7) | 444 (21.4) | 229 (21.8) | 33 (19.2) | |
Past | 388 (44.3) | 1,697 (37.8) | 689 (33.3) | 343 (32.7) | 57 (33.1) | |
Current | 283 (32.3) | 1,676 (37.3) | 844 (40.8) | 419 (39.9) | 74 (43.0) | |
Education, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
Elementary school | 163 (18.6) | 639 (14.2) | 273 (13.2) | 164 (15.6) | 42 (24.4) | |
Middle school | 111 (12.7) | 489 (10.9) | 236 (11.4) | 115 (11.0) | 16 (9.3) | |
High school | 266 (30.4) | 1,597 (35.6) | 767 (37.0) | 359 (34.2) | 57 (33.1) | |
Complemented Univ | 290 (33.1) | 1,546 (34.4) | 684 (33.0) | 349 (33.3) | 47 (27.3) | |
Income, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
Low | 199 (22.7) | 988 (22.0) | 503 (24.3) | 272 (25.9) | 56 (32.6) | |
Middle low | 221 (25.2) | 1,167 (26.0) | 494 (23.9) | 253 (24.1) | 55 (32.0) | |
Middle high | 227 (25.9) | 1,139 (25.4) | 538 (26.0) | 249 (23.7) | 31 (18.0) | |
High | 225 (25.7) | 1,167 (26.0) | 513 (24.8) | 266 (25.4) | 27 (15.7) | |
Physical activity, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
< 150 min/week | 456 (52.1) | 2,456 (54.7) | 1,175 (56.7) | 620 (59.1) | 112 (65.1) | |
≥ 150 min/week | 374 (42.7) | 1,814 (40.4) | 789 (38.1) | 366 (34.9) | 50 (29.1) | |
Blood pressure, mmHg, mean ± SE | ||||||
SBP | 121.6 ± 0.5 | 120.4 ± 0.2 | 120.5 ± 0.3 | 121.5 ± 0.4 | 125.1 ± 1.4 | 0.003 |
DBP | 74.6 ± 0.3 | 77.6 ± 0.2 | 79.1 ± 0.2 | 79.5 ± 0.3 | 79.8 ± 1.1 | < 0.001 |
Blood markers, mean ± SE | ||||||
Glucose, mg/dL | 98.8 ± 0.6 | 99.8 ± 0.3 | 102.0 ± 0.5 | 104.0 ± 0.8 | 111.6 ± 2.5 | < 0.001 |
HbA1c, % | 5.80 ± 0.02 | 5.79 ± 0.01 | 5.87 ± 0.02 | 5.94 ± 0.03 | 6.1 ± 0.08 | < 0.001 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 184.2 ± 1.2 | 186.8 ± 0.5 | 188.7 ± 0.8 | 186.8 ± 1.1 | 189.2 ± 3.3 | 0.025 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL | 132.3 ± 3.0 | 149.8 ± 1.7 | 165.1 ± 2.9 | 173.2 ± 5.0 | 187.0 ± 16.7 | < 0.001 |
HDL, mg/dL | 47.7 ± 0.4 | 47.3 ± 0.2 | 47.3 ± 0.2 | 47.4 ± 0.4 | 48.8 ± 1.0 | 0.700 |
AST, IU/L | 23.8 ± 0.6 | 24.2 ± 0.2 | 24.6 ± 0.3 | 25.4 ± 0.5 | 28.9 ± 1.5 | 0.032 |
ALT, IU/L | 23.7 ± 1.1 | 25.4 ± 0.3 | 26.8 ± 0.4 | 27.6 ± 0.7 | 28.7 ± 1.6 | 0.094 |
Women n = 10,551 | < 60 bpm | 60–69 bpm | 70–79 bpm | 80–89 bpm | ≥ 90 bpm | p-trend |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 548 | n = 5,325 | n = 2,844 | n = 1,571 | n = 263 | ||
Age, mean ± SD, n (%) | 57.8 ± 13.4 | 51.9 ± 15.3 | 49.4 ± 16.7 | 47.0 ± 17.7 | 44.4 ± 19.4 | < 0.001 |
BMI, mean ± SE, n (%) | 24.0 ± 0.1 | 23.6 ± 0.0 | 23.4 ± 0.1 | 23.2 ± 0.1 | 22.7 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 |
Prevalence of CKD, n(%) | 73 (13.3) | 521 (9.8) | 308 (10.8) | 197 (12.5) | 44 (16.7) | < 0.001 |
ACR, mean ± SE, n (%) | 16.3 ± 2.2 | 16.6 ± 1.5 | 20.5 ± 3.1 | 26.3 ± 4.5 | 27.1 ± 7.5 | < 0.001 |
≥ 30 mg/g | 82 (15.0) | 737 (13.8) | 451 (15.9) | 293 (18.7) | 74 (28.1) | < 0.001 |
eGRF, mean ± SE, n (%) | 83.6 ± 0.7 | 88.4 ± 0.2 | 90.2 ± 0.3 | 91.0 ± 0.4 | 95.2 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 |
< 60 ml/min/1.73m2 | 33 (6.0) | 174 (3.3) | 114 (4.0) | 68 (4.3) | 12 (4.6) | < 0.001 |
Unawareness of CKD, n (%) | 68 (12.4) | 499 (9.4) | 299 (10.5) | 190 (12.1) | 44 (16.7) | < 0.001 |
Prevalence of diabetes, n (%) | 63 (11.5) | 590 (11.1) | 335 (11.8) | 236 (15.0) | 37 (14.1) | < 0.001 |
Family history of diabetes, n (%) | 47 (8.6) | 763 (14.3) | 463 (16.3) | 245 (15.6) | 39 (14.8) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes duration | < 0.001 | |||||
< 7 yr | 19 (3.5) | 178 (3.3) | 86 (3.0) | 72 (4.6) | 7 (2.7) | |
≥ 7 yr | 16 (2.9) | 165 (3.1) | 113 (4.0) | 79 (5.0) | 13 (4.9) | |
Hypertension | 222 (40.5) | 1,608 (30.2) | 789 (27.7) | 423 (26.9) | 83 (31.6) | < 0.001 |
Family history of hypertension, n (%) | 156 (28.5) | 1,681 (31.6) | 876 (30.8) | 466 (29.7) | 84 (31.9) | 0.030 |
Hypertension duration | 0.913 | |||||
< 7 yr | 76 (13.9) | 575 (10.8) | 293 (10.3) | 150 (9.5) | 29 (11.0) | |
≥ 7 yr | 103 (18.8) | 565 (10.6) | 272 (9.6) | 156 (9.9) | 29 (11.0) | |
Prevalence of CVD, n (%) | 31 (5.7) | 142 (2.7) | 59 (2.1) | 29 (1.8) | 1 (0.4) | < 0.001 |
Alcohol, n (%) | 0.334 | |||||
Never | 213 (38.9) | 1,892 (35.5) | 1,001 (35.2) | 566 (36.0) | 110 (41.8) | |
< 10 g/day | 292 (53.3) | 2,890 (54.3) | 1,543 (54.3) | 843 (53.7) | 123 (46.8) | |
≥ 10 g/day | 31 (5.7) | 371 (7.0) | 203 (7.1) | 115 (7.3) | 18 (6.8) | |
Smoking, n(%) | < 0.001 | |||||
Never | 485 (88.5) | 4,664 (87.6) | 2,467 (86.7) | 1,353 (86.1) | 222 (84.4) | |
Past | 25 (4.6) | 233 (4.4) | 136 (4.8) | 89 (5.7) | 14 (5.3) | |
Current | 26 (4.7) | 251 (4.7) | 144 (5.1) | 79 (5.0) | 15 (5.7) | |
Education, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
Elementary school | 227 (41.4) | 1,568 (29.4) | 779 (27.4) | 407 (25.9) | 59 (22.4) | |
Middle school | 80 (14.6) | 584 (11.0) | 269 (9.5) | 135 (8.6) | 15 (5.7) | |
High school | 155 (28.3) | 1,632 (30.6) | 900 (31.6) | 463 (29.5) | 98 (37.3) | |
Complemented Univ | 73 (13.3) | 1,338 (25.1) | 770 (27.1) | 500 (31.8) | 77 (29.3) | |
Income, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
Low | 119 (21.7) | 1,208 (22.7) | 699 (24.6) | 406 (25.8) | 75 (28.5) | |
Middle low | 141 (25.7) | 1,304 (24.5) | 716 (25.2) | 383 (24.4) | 69 (26.2) | |
Middle high | 154 (28.1) | 1,341 (25.2) | 722 (25.4) | 364 (23.2) | 64 (24.3) | |
High | 131 (23.9) | 1,422 (26.7) | 685 (24.1) | 404 (25.7) | 55 (20.9) | |
Physical activity, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
< 150 min/week | 355 (64.8) | 3,516 (66.0) | 1,987 (69.9) | 1,087 (69.2) | 194 (73.8) | |
≥ 150 min/week | 181 (33.0) | 1,602 (30.1) | 732 (25.7) | 415 (26.4) | 55 (20.9) | |
Menopausal, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 132 (24.1) | 2,159 (40.5) | 1,360 (47.8) | 851 (54.2) | 155 (58.9) | |
Yes | 404 (73.7) | 2,957 (55.5) | 1,357 (47.7) | 651 (41.4) | 94 (35.7) | |
Blood pressure, mmHg, mean ± SE | ||||||
SBP | 122.0 ± 0.7 | 117.7 ± 0.2 | 116.0 ± 0.3 | 114.7 ± 0.3 | 116.0 ± 0.9 | 0.003 |
DBP | 71.6 ± 0.4 | 73.5 ± 0.1 | 73.6 ± 0.2 | 73.7 ± 0.2 | 74.3 ± 0.6 | < 0.001 |
Blood markers, mean ± SE | ||||||
Glucose, mg/dL, | 94.9 ± 0.7 | 96.2 ± 0.2 | 97.2 ± 0.4 | 99.8 ± 0.7 | 100.8 ± 1.5 | < 0.001 |
HbA1c, %, | 5.82 ± 0.02 | 5.77 ± 0.01 | 5.77 ± 0.01 | 5.83 ± 0.02 | 5.7 ± 0.05 | < 0.001 |
Total cholestrol, mg/dL, | 192.8 ± 1.5 | 192.0 ± 0.5 | 191.4 ± 0.7 | 189.6 ± 0.9 | 188.0 ± 2.3 | 0.025 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL, | 116.5 ± 3.2 | 114.6 ± 1.0 | 118.1 ± 1.8 | 121.3 ± 2.1 | 112.6 ± 4.4 | < 0.001 |
HDL, mg/dl | 52.6 ± 0.5 | 53.3 ± 0.2 | 53.6 ± 0.2 | 53.2 ± 0.3 | 52.9 ± 0.8 | 0.700 |
AST, IU/L | 21.7 ± 0.4 | 20.8 ± 0.1 | 20.5 ± 0.3 | 20.3 ± 0.3 | 20.0 ± 0.6 | 0.032 |
ALT, IU/L | 18.6 ± 0.6 | 17.9 ± 0.2 | 17.8 ± 0.2 | 17.9 ± 0.4 | 17.4 ± 1.0 | 0.094 |
Association between RHR and prevalence of CKD
RHR (bpm) | < 60 bpm | 60–69 bpm ORs(95%CIs) | 70–79 bpm ORs(95%CIs) | 80-89 bpm ORs(95%CIs) | ≥ 90 bpm ORs(95%CIs) | p for trend | Per 10 increment in RHR ORs(95%CIs) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | 103/876 | 470/4,491 | 214/2,071 | 147/1,049 | 35/172 | ||
Model 1 | 1 | 1.11 (0.87, 1.40) | 1.20 (0.93, 1.56) | 1.64 (1.24, 2.18) | 2.67 (1.69, 4.21) | < 0.001 | 1.21 (1.12, 1.30) |
Model 2 | 1 | 1.13 (0.89, 1.44) | 1.15 (0.88, 1.51) | 1.54 (1.15, 2.07) | 2.24 (1.39, 3.61) | < 0.001 | 1.16 (1.07, 1.25) |
Model 3 | 1 | 1.11 (0.86, 1.42) | 1.14 (0.85, 1.48) | 1.49 (1.10, 2.01) | 2.07 (1.28, 3.34) | < 0.001 | 1.15 (1.06, 1.24) |
Model 4 | 1 | 1.11 (0.86, 1.42) | 1.12 (0.85, 1.48) | 1.49 (1.10, 2.01) | 2.07 (1.28, 3.34) | < 0.001 | 1.14 (1.06, 1.24) |
Women | 73/548 | 521/35,325 | 308/2,844 | 137/1,571 | 44/263 | ||
Model 1 | 1 | 0.91 (0.69, 1.19) | 1.11 (0.84, 1.47) | 1.45 (1.08, 1.96) | 2.30 (1.49, 3.56) | < 0.001 | 1.24 (1.15, 1.33) |
Model 2 | 1 | 0.92 (0.70, 1.21) | 1.11 (0.83, 1.48) | 1.37 (1.01, 1.86) | 2.06 (1.32, 3.22) | < 0.001 | 1.20 (1.12, 1.29) |
Model 3 | 1 | 0.96 (0.72, 1.26) | 1.19 (0.83, 1.60) | 1.51 (1.01, 2.06) | 2.24 (1.43, 3.51) | < 0.001 | 1.24 (1.15, 1.33) |
Model 4 | 1 | 0.95 (0.72, 1.26) | 1.19 (0.89, 1.59) | 1.50 (1.10, 2.04) | 2.22 (1.42, 3.48) | < 0.001 | 1.23 (1.15, 1.33) |
Chronic kidney disease | Number of case n(%) | Resting heart rate (bpm) | p for interaction | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
< 60 | 60–69 | 70–79 | 80–89 | ≥ 90 | 10 bpm increment | |||
Ref | ORs(95%CIs) | ORs(95%CIs) | ORs(95%CIs) | ORs(95%CIs) | ORs(95%CIs) | |||
Participants (n = 19,210) | ||||||||
Age | 0.022 | |||||||
< 40 yr | 188/5,665 (3.3) | 1 | 2.64 (0.63, 10.97) | 2.88 (0.69, 12.08) | 3.14 (0.74, 13.37) | 7.11 (1.59, 31.71) | 1.26 (1.08, 1.47) | |
40–59 yr | 545/7,412 (7.4) | 1 | 1.09 (0.75, 1.60) | 1.21 (0.81, 1.81) | 1.74 (1.13, 2.67) | 1.69 (0.85, 3.35) | 1.19 (1.08, 1.32) | |
≥ 60 yr | 1379/6,133 (22.5) | 1 | 0.99 (0.80, 1.23) | 1.08 (0.85, 1.37) | 1.32 (1.01, 1.72) | 1.67 (1.08, 2.58) | 1.12 (1.04, 1.19) | |
Body mass index | 0.423 | |||||||
< 23 kg/m2 | 685/8,352 (8.2) | 1 | 0.96 (0.70, 1.32) | 0.98 (0.69, 1.38) | 1.38 (0.96, 1.99) | 2.09 (1.28, 3.42) | 1.17 (1.07, 1.28) | |
23–24.9 kg/m2 | 1290/10,054 (12.8) | 1 | 1.14 (0.79, 1.64) | 1.37 (0.92, 2.04) | 1.63 (1.06, 2.52) | 2.30 (1.08, 4.91) | 1.19 (1.07, 1.33) | |
≥ 25 kg/m2 | 136/780 (17.4) | 1 | 1.01 (0.76, 1.35) | 1.22 (0.90, 1.66) | 1.57 (1.12, 2.21) | 2.21 (1.26, 3.84) | 1.21 (1.11, 1.32) | |
Alcohol | 0.507 | |||||||
Never | 803/5,111 (15.7) | 1 | 0.93 (0.68, 1.26) | 1.04 (0.75, 1.44) | 1.33 (0.93, 1.90) | 1.85 (1.09, 3.12) | 1.15 (1.05, 1.25) | |
≤ 1 day/month | 847/9,735 (8.7) | 1 | 0.96 (0.72, 1.26) | 1.08 (0.79, 1.45) | 1.32 (0.95, 1.84) | 2.44 (1.44, 4.12) | 1.17 (1.08, 1.27) | |
≥ 2 days/month | 355/3,637 (9.8) | 1 | 2.09 (1.22, 3.59) | 2.26 (1.29, 3.99) | 3.30 (1.83, 5.96) | 4.22 (1.88, 9.45) | 1.30 (1.15, 1.48) | |
Smoking | 0.496 | |||||||
Never/previous | 1660/14,662 (11.3) | 1 | 1.07 (0.87, 1.31) | 1.17 (0.94, 1.47) | 1.48 (1.16, 1.89) | 2.38 (1.65, 3.45) | 1.18 (1.11, 1.25) | |
Current | 340/3,811 (8.9) | 1 | 1.07 (0.67, 1.71) | 1.31 (0.79, 2.14) | 1.83 (1.07, 3.11) | 2.36 (1.08, 5.15) | 1.25 (1.10, 1.42) | |
Physical activity | 0.748 | |||||||
< 150 min/week | 1395/11,958 (11.7) | 1 | 0.89 (0.71, 1.12) | 1.00 (0.78, 1.27) | 1.35 (1.04, 1.75) | 2.18 (1.47, 3.23) | 1.18 (1.11, 1.26) | |
≥ 150 min/week | 596/6,378 (9.3) | 1 | 1.52 (1.07, 2.17) | 1.69 (1.15, 2.47) | 1.90 (1.25, 2.89) | 2.43 (1.25, 4.70) | 1.17 (1.06, 1.29) | |
Diabetes | 0.035 | |||||||
No | 1351/16,677 (8.1) | 1 | 1.11 (0.89, 1.38) | 1.12 (0.88, 1.42) | 1.36 (1.05, 1.77) | 2.14 (1.43, 3.21) | 1.12 (1.05, 1.19) | |
Yes | 761/2,533 (30.0) | 1 | 0.84 (0.59, 1.20) | 1.25 (0.86, 1.82) | 1.73 (1.17, 2.56) | 2.13 (1.21, 3.74) | 1.32 (1.20, 1.45) | |
Diabetes duration | 0.025 | |||||||
< 7 yr | 200/737 (27.1) | 1 | 1.02 (0.51, 2.04) | 1.18 (0.63, 2.21) | 1.75 (0.92, 3.32) | 2.27 (1.05, 4.92) | 1.15 (1.08, 1.21) | |
≥ 7 yr | 314/774 (40.6) | 1 | 0.91 (0.49, 1.70) | 1.31 (0.68, 2.54) | 1.91 (0.95, 3.84) | 2.88 (1.15, 7.22) | 1.38 (1.18, 1.61) | |
Hypertension | 0.729 | |||||||
No | 704/13,072 (5.4) | 1 | 1.02 (0.75, 1.40) | 1.14 (0.82, 1.59) | 1.44 (1.01, 2.05) | 2.92 (1.76, 4.85) | 1.20 (1.10, 1.30) | |
Yes | 1408/6,138 (22.9) | 1 | 1.03 (0.82, 1.30) | 1.19 (0.93, 1.53) | 1.54 (1.18, 2.02) | 1.78 (1.18, 2.70) | 1.17 (1.10, 1.25) | |
Hypertension duration | 0.065 | |||||||
< 7 yr | 423/2,045 (20.7) | 1 | 0.96 (0.66, 1.39) | 0.91 (0.60, 1.38) | 1.35 (0.86, 2.12) | 1.16 (0.53, 2.52) | 1.08 (0.96, 1.21) | |
≥ 7 yr | 619/1,943 (31.9) | 1 | 1.02 (0.72, 1.45) | 1.25 (0.85, 1.83) | 1.61 (1.06, 2.46) | 3.38 (1.66, 6.86) | 1.25 (1.12, 1.39) | |
Cardiovascular disease | 0.877 | |||||||
No | 1852/17,842 (10.4) | 1 | 1.06 (0.87, 1.29) | 1.14 (0.92, 1.41) | 1.47 (1.17, 1.86) | 2.29 (1.62, 3.22) | 1.17 (1.11, 1.24) | |
Yes | 152/538 (28.3) | 1 | 1.06 (0.57, 1.99) | 2.24 (1.09, 4.57) | 3.51 (1.52, 8.11) | 6.91 (0.53, 89.90) | 1.58 (1.24, 1.99) |