Background
Methodology
Survey design, participants, recruitment, and sampling
Outcome variables
Exploratory variables
Data analysis
Ethical considerations
Results
Socio-demographic characteristics
FSW N = 2567 | MSM N = 2669 | |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | ||
< 25 | 60.5 | 78.0 |
≥ 25 | 39.5 | 22.0 |
Marital status | ||
Single | 61.1 | 89.2 |
Cohabitating/married | 6.8 | 7.8 |
Widowed/divorced/Separated | 32.1 | 2.9 |
Education | ||
No formal education/primary | 27.2 | 1.0 |
Secondary/higher | 72.8 | 99.0 |
Place of residence | ||
Maputo | 17.7 | 18.9 |
Beira | 19.0 | 16.5 |
Nampula | 22.3 | 26.7 |
Tete | 21.4 | 22.3 |
Quelimane | 19.7 | 15.5 |
HIV infection | ||
Yes | 26.5 | 7.0 |
No | 73.5 | 93.0 |
Hazardous alcohol and illicit drug among FSW and MSM
FSW | MSM | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n/N | % | RDS-weighted | n/N | %: | RDS- weighted | |
Crude | Crude | (95% CI) | Crude | Crude | (95% CI) | |
Consume alcohol in the past month | 1,420/2,565 | 55.3 | 53.2 (51.7–54.9) | 1,559/2,664 | 58.5 | 57.2 (55.5–58.9) |
Hazardous drinking (AUDIT-C) | 1,255/2,567 | 48.9 | 47.1 (44.8–49.5) | 1,304/2,669 | 48.9 | 46.5 (44.0–49.0) |
Illicit drug use last 12 months before the survey | 342/2,562 | 13.3 | 12.4 (9.0-15.8) | - | - | - |
Risk factors associated with hazardous drinking among FSW and MSM
FSW (N = 1,255) | MSM (N = 1,304) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n/N Crude | % Crude | RDS-Unweighted (95%) | p-value | n/N Crude | % Crude | RDS-Unweighted (95%) | p-value | |
City | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Maputo | 305/492 | 62.0 | 61.7 (56.8–66.5) | 323/530 | 6.9 | 59.9 (54.5–65.4) | ||
Beira | 288/520 | 55.4 | 54.5 (48.9–60.1) | 355/527 | 67.4 | 66.1 (61.3–70.8) | ||
Nampula | 141/518 | 27.2 | 25.7 (21.5–29.8) | 144/528 | 27.3 | 26.3 (21.7–30.8) | ||
Tete | 294/521 | 56.4 | 56.3 (51.8–60.7) | 340/559 | 6.8 | 59.8 (55.4–64.3) | ||
Quelimane | 227/516 | 44.0 | 41.4 (36.1–46.6) | 142/525 | 27.1 | 24.9 (20.5–29.3) | ||
Median age | 24 (15–58) | 22 (18–61) | ||||||
Age group | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
< 24 a | 647/1487 | 43.5 | 42.5 (39.5–45.4) | 890/2041 | 43.6 | 42.5 (39.6–45.4) | ||
≥ 25 | 608/1080 | 56.3 | 54.3 (50.8–57.8) | 414/628 | 65.9 | 60.6 (55.9–65.4) | ||
Marital status | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Single | 683/1522 | 44.9 | 43.5 (40.6–46.5) | 1045/2269 | 46.1 | 44.0 (41.3–46.7) | ||
Cohabitating/married | 100/183 | 54.6 | 53.1 (44.8–61.3) | 131/202 | 64.9 | 59.3 (51.2–67.3) | ||
Widowed/divorced/ separated | 471/859 | 54.8 | 52.8 (48.9–56.7) | 62/90 | 68.9 | 65.9 (55.9–75.8) | ||
Education | 0.015 | 0.114 | ||||||
No formal education/primary | 357/668 | 53.4 | 51.4 (47.0-55.7) | 7/17 | 41.2 | 33.8 (10.6–56.9) | ||
Secondary/higher | 856/1,786 | 47.9 | 46.3 (43.5–49.1) | 651/1,538 | 42.3 | 41.4 (38.3–44.6) | ||
Work aside from sex work | 0.006 | - | - | - | ||||
Yes | 403/759 | 53.1 | 52.8 (48.6–56.9) | - | - | - | ||
No | 850/1,803 | 47.1 | 44.9 (42.2–47.6) | - | - | - | ||
Perception of HIV risk | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Low | 245/575 | 42.6 | 42.7 (38.1–47.3) | 536/1,116 | 48.0 | 45.8 (42.2–49.4) | ||
High | 537/1,007 | 53.3 | 51.4 (47.8–54.9) | 529/968 | 54.7 | 53.4 (49.5–57.3) | ||
Previous HIV testing | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Yes, in the past 12 months | 361/647 | 55.8 | 53.8 (49.5–58.2) | 293/583 | 5.3 | 47.0 (42.2–51.7) | ||
Ever | 509/1,041 | 48.9 | 47.5 (43.9–51.1) | 646/1,291 | 5.0 | 48.2 (44.7–51.6) | ||
Never | 123/377 | 32.6 | 30.5 (25.3–35.7) | 163/459 | 35.5 | 34.7 (29.5–39.8) | ||
Comprehensive HIV knowledge | 0.065 | 0.955 | ||||||
Yes | 583/1,241 | 47.0 | 43.8 (40.6–47.1) | 58/118 | 49.2 | 46.9 (36.8–56.9) | ||
No | 599/1,181 | 50.7 | 50.4 (47.2–53.6) | 1237/2,519 | 49.1 | 46.8 (44.2–49.4) | ||
Age at first sexual experienceb | 0.873 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Less than 15 years | 429/866 | 49.5 | 47.6 (43.7–51.5) | 95/186 | 51.1 | 49.8 (41.4–58.1) | ||
15–17 | 621/1,283 | 48.4 | 47.0 (43.7–50.2) | 257/518 | 49.6 | 47.9 (42.7–53.0) | ||
> 18 | 196/400 | 49.0 | 47.0 (41.4–52.5) | 175/305 | 57.4 | 54.7 (48.1–61.4) | ||
No. of sexual clients during the last monthc | 0.003 | < 0.001 | ||||||
0 | 339/692 | 49.0 | 47.1 (42.7–51.5) | 34/109 | 31.2 | 31 (21.5–40.5) | ||
1 | 601/1,298 | 46.3 | 43.7 (40.4–46.8) | 81/247 | 32.8 | 34.2 (26.8–41.6) | ||
> 2 | 315/575 | 54.8 | 55.3 (50.7–59.8) | 1,155/2,222 | 52.0 | 49.3 (46.5–52.0) | ||
Condom use at last sexual encounter | 0.638 | - | - | - | ||||
Yes | 339/692 | 49.0 | 47.1 (42.7–51.5) | - | - | - | ||
No | 601/1298 | 46.3 | 43.7 (40.5–46.9) | - | - | - | ||
Self-report STI in the last 12 months | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Yes | 435/776 | 56.1 | 54.7 (50.7–58.7) | 245/437 | 56.1 | 52.8 (47.4–58.2) | ||
No | 818/1,782 | 45.9 | 44.2 (41.4–46.9) | 1,057/2,223 | 47.6 | 45.4 (42.6–48.2) | ||
Sought health care in the past 12 months | 0.010 | |||||||
Yes | 717/1,399 | 51.3 | 50.6 (47.4–53.7) | 25/1,219 | 51.3 | 48.3 (44.7–51.8) | ||
No | 538/1,165 | 46.2 | 43.6 (40.3–46.9) | 678/1,444 | 47.0 | 45.1 (41.8–48.3) | ||
HIV infection | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Yes | 386/677 | 57.0 | 55.2 (50.9–59.5) | 129/218 | 48.0 | 53.0 (44.9–61.0) | ||
No | 806/1762 | 45.7 | 44.2 (41.4–47.0) | 1,174/2,446 | 59.2 | 46.3 (43.4–48.6) | ||
Experienced physical violence, last 12 months | < 0.001 | 0.074 | ||||||
Yes | 736//1,341 | 54.9 | 53.5 (50.4–56.5) | 92/186 | 49.5 | 49.2 (40.8–57.6) | ||
No | 519/1,224 | 42.4 | 40.3 (37.1–43.6) | 1,212/2,479 | 48.9 | 46.3 (43.7–48.9) | ||
Experienced sexual violence in the last 12 months | < 0.001 | 0.075 | ||||||
Yes | 545/975 | 55.9 | 54.3 (50.6–57.8) | 23/43 | 53.5 | 47.8 (31.9–63.6) | ||
No | 710/1,590 | 44.7 | 43.2 (40.2–46.1) | 1,280/2,620 | 48.9 | 46.5 (43.9–49.1) |
Risk factors associated with illicit drug use among FSW
FSW who use drug, past 12 months | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
n/N: | %: | p-value | ||
Crude | Crude | Weighted (95% CI) | ||
City | < 0.001 | |||
Maputo | 129/492 | 26.2 | 25.5 (20.9–30.6) | |
Beira | 76/520 | 14.6 | 13.7 (10.2–17.2) | |
Nampula | 33/518 | 6.3 | 6.3 (3.9–8.7) | |
Tete | 55/519 | 9.5 | 10.5 (0.2–20.8) | |
Quelimane | 49/516 | 1.6 | 8.4 (5.7–11.1) | |
Median age | 22 (15–55) | |||
Age group | < 0.296 | |||
15–24 | 207/1,486 | 13.9 | 13.1 (11.5–14.8) | |
≥ 25 | 135/1,079 | 12.5 | 11.4 (9.4–13.4) | |
Marital status | 0.003 | |||
Single | 207/1,523 | 13.6 | 13.0 (11.0–15.0) | |
Cohabitating/married | 38/183 | 20.8 | 15.5 (9.8–21.2) | |
Widowed/divorced/separated | 97/861 | 11.3 | 10.7 (8.4–12.9) | |
Education | 0.586 | |||
No formal education/primary | 86/668 | 12.9 | 12.8 (7.4–13.4) | |
Secondary or higher | 245/1,789 | 13.4 | 12.3 (10.4–14.6) | |
Work aside from sex work | 0.866 | |||
Yes | 100/759 | 13.2 | 12.2 (9.2–15.1) | |
No | 242/1,806 | 13.4 | 11.8 (9.7–13.8) | |
Perception of HIV risk | 0.005 | |||
Low | 62/575 | 1.8 | 9.7 (6.8–12.5) | |
High | 160/1,009 | 15.9 | 14.2 (11.5–16.7) | |
Previous HIV testing | 0.004 | |||
Yes, in the past 12 months | 75/648 | 11.6 | 10.6 (7.9–13.3) | |
Ever | 164/1,042 | 15.8 | 14.5 (11.1–16.3) | |
Never | 37/378 | 9.8 | 9.3 (6.0-12.6) | |
Comprehensive HIV knowledge | 0.427 | |||
Yes | 155/1,242 | 12.5 | 11.9 (9.8–14.1) | |
No | 161/1,186 | 13.6 | 12.3 (10.2–14.5) | |
Age at first sexual experience | < 0.001 | |||
Less than 15 years | 145/869 | 16.7 | 15.4 (12.6–18.1) | |
15–17 | 162/1,283 | 12.6 | 11.8 (9.8–13.8) | |
> 18 | 34/400 | 8.5 | 5.3 (5.3–11.5) | |
No of sexual clients during the last month | 0.024 | |||
0 | 111/694 | 15.9 | 16.0 (12.9–19.3) | |
1 | 152/1,298 | 11.7 | 10.5 (8.4–12.4) | |
> 2 | 79/576 | 13.7 | 12.7 (9.5–15.8) | |
Condom use at last sexual encounter | 0.049 | |||
Yes | 261/2,056 | 12,7 | 11.6 (9.9–13.2) | |
No | 81/506 | 16.0 | 15.9 (12.3–19.4) | |
Self-report STI in the last 12 months | < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 146/776 | 18.8 | 17.9 (14.6–21.2) | |
No | 193/1,782 | 1.8 | 10.2 (8.5–11.8) | |
Sought health care in the past 12 months | 0.073 | |||
Yes | 202/1,399 | 14.4 | 13.7 (11.5–15.8) | |
No | 140/1,165 | 12.0 | 11.1 (9.1–13.2) | |
HIV infection | 0.843 | |||
Yes | 93/676 | 13.8 | 11.9 (9.3–14.6) | |
No | 237/1,762 | 13.5 | 12.8 (10.9–14.6) | |
Experienced physical violence, last 12 months | < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 251/1,341 | 18.7 | 17.4 (14.9–19.7) | |
No | 91/1,224 | 7.4 | 7.0 (5.37–8.7) | |
Experienced sexual violence in the last 12 months | < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 194/975 | 19.9 | 18.6 (15.7–21.4) | |
No | 148/1,590 | 9.3 | 8.9 (7.2–10.7) |