Background
Methods
Study design and participants
Instrument and data collection
Constructs from the PRECEDE framework
Variables
Analyses
Results
Sample characteristics
Items | Number of Respondents = 386 | Mean scores and 95% CI on Infant-survival practices | |
---|---|---|---|
Frequency | Percentage | ||
Health Centres | |||
Ikanigbo/Isoku | 35 | 9.1 | 15.6 (13.7–17.5) |
Italapo | 49 | 12.7 | 16.5 (15.1–17.9) |
Itamapako | 21 | 5.4 | 12.7 (11.0–14.4) |
Itantebo | 19 | 4.9 | 18.6 (17.6–19.6) |
Ita-Osu | 38 | 9.8 | 16.7 (15.0–18.4) |
Iwade Oke/Isale | 45 | 11.7 | 17.2 (16.1–18.3) |
Odo-Esa | 77 | 20.0 | 16.0 (14.7–17.3) |
Oke Oyinbo | 52 | 13.5 | 16.6 (15.3–17.9) |
Oke-Aje | 24 | 6.2 | 19.2 (18.1–20.3) |
Otunba Tunwase National Paediatric Centre (Tertiary) | 26 | 6.7 | 16.9 (15.7–18.1) |
Age | |||
16–25 | 97 | 25.1 | 17.2 (16.3–18.0) |
26–35 | 221 | 57.3 | 16.2 (15.5–16.8) |
36 and above | 68 | 17.6 | 16.9 (15.8–18.0) |
Marital status | |||
Single | 60 | 15.6 | 16.6 (15.4–17.7) |
Married | 315 | 81.6 | 16.6 (16.1–17.1) |
Separated | 7 | 1.8 | 13.0 (8.1–17.9) |
Widowed | 2 | 0.5 | 16.0 (−47.5–79.5) |
Divorced | 2 | 0.5 | 16.0 (−22.0–54.0) |
Occupational Status | |||
Housewife | 32 | 8.3 | 16.5 (14.6–18.4) |
Unemployed | 57 | 14.8 | 16.3 (15.1–17.5) |
Self-employed | 224 | 58.0 | 16.5 (15.8–17.1) |
Civil servant/Private firm | 73 | 18.9 | 17.0 (16.1–17.9) |
Religion | |||
Christianity | 252 | 65.3 | 16.7 (16.1–17.3) |
Islam | 122 | 31.6 | 16.6 (15.7–17.5) |
Traditional belief | 12 | 3.1 | 12.5 (9.0–16.0) |
Ethnicity | |||
Yoruba | 320 | 82.9 | 16.7 (16.2–17.2) |
Igbo | 41 | 10.6 | 16.1 (14.3–17.9) |
Hausa | 12 | 3.1 | 16.7 (14.2–19.2) |
Other ethnic groups | 13 | 3.4 | 14.2 (11.4–17.0) |
Educational attainment | |||
Non-formal | 21 | 5.4 | 12.8 (9.5–16.1) |
Primary | 37 | 9.6 | 14.8 (13.4–16.2) |
Secondary | 164 | 42.5 | 16.2 (15.4–16.9) |
Tertiary | 164 | 42.5 | 17.8 (17.2–18.4) |
Number of Children alive | |||
One child | 124 | 32.1 | 16.4 (15.5–17.3) |
Two children | 133 | 34.5 | 16.6 (15.8–17.4) |
More than two children | 129 | 33.4 | 16.5 (15.7–17.3) |
Number of infants ever lost | |||
None | 340 | 88.1 | 16.8 (16.3–17.3) |
One | 31 | 8.0 | 14.0 (12.1–15.9) |
Two | 13 | 3.4 | 15.7 (11.4–20.0) |
More than two | 2 | 0.5 | 12.5 (6.1–18.9) |
Health-literacy
Items | Number of Respondents in this study = 386 | |
---|---|---|
Frequency (N) | Percentage (%) | |
Infants are fragile and cannot eat just any food. | ||
Yes | 213 | 55.2 |
No | 173 | 44.8 |
When the food given to an infant is handled in an unclean way, it can lead to diarrhoeal infections | ||
Yes | 346 | 89.6 |
No | 40 | 10.4 |
Which of the following should be prevented because it is very harmful to an infant (mosquito bites, dirty environments, herbal concoction, colostrum, immunisation) | ||
Mosquito bites, dirty environments, herbal concoction | 60 | 15.5 |
Two correct responses | 135 | 35.0 |
One correct response | 149 | 38.6 |
All options or wrong responses | 42 | 10.9 |
Which of these is the best food for infants who are less than 6 months old? (infant formula, breast milk, pasteurised cow milk) | ||
Breastmilk only | 72 | 18.7 |
All options or wrong responses | 314 | 81.3 |
For the wellness of an infant, choose the activity that is relevant from the list below. (antenatal sessions, postnatal sessions, creating dimples) | ||
Antenatal and postnatal sessions | 84 | 21.8 |
Antenatal or postnatal sessions | 245 | 63.4 |
All responses | 57 | 14.8 |
Which of these is an essential sanitary practice to ensure that the infant is protected from falling ill? (keeping the environment clean, bathing the infant with adult medicated soaps, cleaning the nipple before breastfeeding) | ||
Keeping the environment clean and cleaning the nipples before breastfeeding | 157 | 40.7 |
Keeping the environment clean or cleaning the nipples before breastfeeding | 168 | 43.5 |
All responses | 61 | 15.8 |
Which of the following did you receive instructions/counsels about during antenatal care? (use of insecticide treated nets, exclusive breastfeeding, avoidance of alcohol consumption) | ||
All three responses | 107 | 27.7 |
Two responses | 97 | 25.1 |
One response | 169 | 43.8 |
No response | 13 | 3.4 |
Which of the following activities can you carry out without assistance? (administration of prescribed medication for my infant, use of insecticide-treated net, preparation of infant food, preparation of oral rehydration solution, sterilisation of my infant’s items) | ||
All five responses | 86 | 22.3 |
Four responses | 47 | 12.2 |
Three responses | 50 | 13.0 |
Two responses | 48 | 12.4 |
One response | 139 | 36.0 |
No response | 16 | 4.1 |
Social-support
Items | Frequency/Percentage | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Never | Rarely | Occasionally | Always | |
I get assistance from my husband when taking my infant for immunisation | 75 (19.4) | 54 (14.0) | 70 (18.1) | 187 (48.5) |
When it is time to go for immunisation, my family members tell me it is not necessary for my baby. | 309 (80.1) | 39 (10.1) | 17 (4.4) | 21 (5.4) |
How often do you have someone to assist you when taking your infant for other clinic sessions? | 96 (24.9) | 100 (25.9) | 97 (25.1) | 93 (24.1) |
I am encouraged to practice the health counsels I have received for my infant by those around me. | 78 (20.2) | 68 (17.6) | 70 (18.1) | 170 (44.1) |
How often do you have someone else to take care of you, and your infant? | 86 (22.3) | 68 (17.6) | 86 (22.3) | 146 (37.8) |
Number of Respondents = 386 | ||||
Frequency | Percentage | |||
Who is usually present with you in ensuring the welfare of your infant? | ||||
More than one person | 39 | 10.1 | ||
Either of my husband/mother/mother-in law/my sibling/husband’s sibling | 253 | 65.5 | ||
No one | 94 | 24.4 | ||
Number of Respondents = 386 |
Self-efficacy
Items | Number of respondents = 386 Frequency/Percentage | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Strongly Agree | Agree | Disagree | Strongly disagree | |
I am not confident to take my infant for clinic sessions | 57 (14.8) | 61 (15.8) | 102 (26.4) | 166 (43.0) |
I am willing to comply with the counsel on 6 months exclusive breastfeeding for my baby | 151 (39.1) | 156 (40.4) | 41 (10.6) | 38 (9.9) |
I am not confident enough to take my infant for immunisation | 54 (14.0) | 43 (11.1) | 109 (28.3) | 180 (46.6) |
From what I know about malaria, I will be careful to use the insecticide treated net to protect my infant from getting it | 196 (50.8) | 137 (35.5) | 17 (4.4) | 36 (9.3) |
If I have my way, I will wash my hands frequently when I need to touch my infant’s items | 175 (45.3) | 165 (42.8) | 24 (6.2) | 22 (5.7) |
Sterilizing objects before using them for my infant is inconvenient | 56 (14.5) | 103 (26.7) | 97 (25.1) | 130 (33.7) |
Antenatal sessions are time-consuming, I will not attend them in the future | 50 (13.0) | 70 (18.1) | 105 (27.2) | 161 (41.7) |
Keeping my environment clean all the time is tasking to do. | 45 (11.7) | 54 (14.0) | 83 (21.5) | 204 (52.8) |
Number of respondents = 386 |
Infant-survival practices
Items | Frequency/Percentage | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Never | Rarely | Occasionally | Always | |
I practice 6 months exclusive breastfeeding for my baby | 45 (11.7) | 53 (13.7) | 36 (9.3) | 252 (65.3) |
I make use of Insecticide Treated Nets to prevent my baby from getting malaria. | 30 (7.8) | 61 (15.8) | 52 (13.5) | 243 (62.9) |
I take my baby for immunisation when due. | 23 (6.0) | 30 (7.8) | 48 (12.4) | 285 (73.8) |
How often do you clean your nipples when you need to breastfeed? | 44 (11.4) | 75 (19.4) | 83 (21.5) | 184 (47.7) |
How frequently do you sterilize the items used for your infant? | 36 (9.3) | 65 (16.9) | 61 (15.8) | 224 (58.0) |
I take my infant for regular clinic check-ups when required. | 25 (6.5) | 44 (11.4) | 80 (20.7) | 237 (61.4) |
I keep my environment clean to protect my baby from falling ill. | 11 (2.9) | 20 (5.2) | 31 (8.0) | 324 (83.9) |
Number of Respondents = 386 |
Variable scores
Variables | Number of respondents = 386 | 95% Confidence Interval | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Score on rating scale | Mean (SE) ± SD | Percentage (%) | ||
Health-literacy | 18 | 10.50 (0.19) ± 3.83 | 58.33 | 10.12–10.88 |
Social-support | 17 | 10.56 (0.18) ± 3.70 | 62.11 | 10.19–10.94 |
Self-efficacy | 24 | 16.61 (0.23) ±4.56 | 69.20 | 16.16–17.07 |
Self-reported infant-survival practices | 21 | 16.53 (0.24) ±4.71 | 78.71 | 16.06–17.01 |