Background
Methods
Study population and data collection
Primary outcomes
Exposure variable – ethnicity
Covariates
Study sample
Statistical analyses
Results
Total | Western Europe | South Asia | Middle East | Africa | East Asia | Eastern Europe | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 806 (100) | n = 333 (41) | n = 200 (25) | n = 126 (16) | n = 60 (8) | n = 44 (5) | n = 43 (5) | |||||||||||||||
n | mean | SD | n | mean | SD | n | mean | SD | n | mean | SD | n | mean | SD | n | mean | SD | n | mean | SD | |
Gestational age/weeks postpartum | |||||||||||||||||||||
Visit 11a | 806 | 15.0 | (3.4) | 333 | 14.2 | (2.3) | 200 | 15.6 | (3.9) | 126 | 15.0 | (3.3) | 60 | 17.3 | (4.9) | 44 | 16.2 | (3.9) | 43 | 14.5 | (3.0) |
Visit 2b | 759 | 28.3 | (1.3) | 315 | 28.2 | (1.2) | 192 | 28.2 | (1.2) | 117 | 28.5 | (1.4) | 52 | 28.3 | (1.3) | 40 | 28.2 | (1.1) | 42 | 28.4 | (1.7) |
Visit 3c | 652 | 14.2 | (2.8) | 279 | 14.2 | (2.7) | 163 | 14.3 | (2.9) | 99 | 14.3 | (3.0) | 39 | 14.3 | (2.5) | 36 | 14.7 | (3.2) | 36 | 13.8 | (2.3) |
Age at enrollment | 806 | 29.8 | (4.8) | 333 | 30.9 | (4.5) | 200 | 28.6 | (4.5) | 126 | 29.5 | (5.5) | 60 | 28.3 | (5.1) | 44 | 31.2 | (4.8) | 43 | 28.9 | (4.2) |
Pre-pregnant body mass index (kg/m2) | 794 | 24.5 | (4.8) | 329 | 24.6 | (4.8) | 196 | 23.7 | (4.2) | 125 | 25.9 | (5.1) | 59 | 25.8 | (5.9) | 44 | 22.6 | (3.8) | 41 | 23.7 | (4.3) |
Total body fat (kg) at Visit 1a | 804 | 23.5 | (9.9) | 332 | 24.1 | (9.8) | 199 | 21.6 | (8.1) | 126 | 25.3 | (10.9) | 60 | 28.5 | (12.2) | 44 | 17.8 | (8.6) | 43 | 21.8 | (7.9) |
Fat mass index (kg/m2) at Visit 1a | 804 | 8.8 | (3.6) | 332 | 8.6 | (3.5) | 199 | 8.4 | (3.0) | 126 | 9.7 | (4.0) | 60 | 10.7 | (4.4) | 44 | 7.1 | (3.2) | 43 | 7.9 | (3.0) |
n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | ||||||||
Parity | 806 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Nulliparous | 373 | (46.3) | 176 | (52.4) | 84 | (42.0) | 44 | (34.9) | 25 | (41.7) | 18 | (40.9) | 28 | (65.1) | |||||||
Multiparous | 433 | (53.7) | 160 | (47.6) | 116 | (58.0) | 82 | (65.1) | 35 | (58.3) | 26 | (59.1) | 15 | (34.9) | |||||||
Education (years) | 800 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Primary or less | 132 | (16.5) | 10 | (3.0) | 35 | (17.6) | 46 | (37.1) | 28 | (46.7) | 8 | (18.2) | 5 | (11.9) | |||||||
High school/secondary | 316 | (39.5) | 102 | (30.8) | 101 | (50.8) | 55 | (44.3) | 24 | (40.0) | 19 | (43.2) | 15 | (35.7) | |||||||
College/university | 352 | (44.0) | 219 | (66.2) | 63 | (31.7) | 23 | (18.6) | 8 | (13.3) | 17 | (38.6) | 22 | (52.4) | |||||||
Immigrant generation | |||||||||||||||||||||
Immigrant | 458 | (56.8) | 36 | (10.8) | 159 | (79.5) | 119 | (94.4) | 59 | (98.3) | 43 | (97.7) | 42 | (97.7) | |||||||
Norwegian-born with immigrant parents | 52 | (6.5) | 1 | (0.3) | 41 | (20.5) | 7 | (5.6) | 1 | (1.7) | 1 | (2.3) | 1 | (2.3) | |||||||
Breastfeeding at Visit 3c | 631 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Exclusive | 380 | (60.2) | 173 | (64.8) | 82 | (51.2) | 54 | (58.1) | 23 | (59.0) | 23 | (63.9) | 25 | (69.4) | |||||||
Partial | 172 | (27.3) | 61 | (22.6) | 55 | (34.4) | 29 | (31.2) | 16 | (41.0) | 7 | (19.4) | 4 | (11.1) | |||||||
No breastfeeding | 79 | (12.5) | 33 | (12.4) | 23 | (14.4) | 10 | (10.7) | 0 | (0) | 6 | (16.7) | 7 | (19.5) |
Total | Western Europe | South Asia | Middle East | Africa | East Asia | Eastern Europe | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Mean | (95%CI) | Mean | (95%CI) | Mean | (95%CI) | Mean | (95%CI) | Mean | (95%CI) | Mean | (95%CI) | Mean | (95%CI) | |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | |||||||||||||||
Visit 1a | 806 | 1.31 | (1.28, 1.35) | 1.26 | (1.20, 1.31) | 1.41* | (1.33, 1.48) | 1.37 | (1.28, 1.46) | 1.04* | (0.90, 1.17) | 1.62* | (1.46, 1.77) | 1.23 | (1.08, 1.39) |
Visit 2b | 750 | 1.98 | (1.93, 2.03) | 1.98 | (1.90, 2.05) | 2.03 | (1.93, 2.13) | 1.98 | (1.86, 2.11) | 1.58* | (1.39, 1.77) | 2.25 | (2.04, 2.46) | 1.99 | (1.79, 2.20) |
Visit 3c | 576 | 0.99 | (0.95, 1.03) | 0.92 | (0.86, 0.99) | 1.10* | (1.02, 1.18) | 1.02 | (0.92, 1.12) | 0.74 | (0.58, 0.89) | 1.16* | (0.99, 1.32) | 0.93 | (0.77, 1.09) |
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | |||||||||||||||
Visit 1a | 806 | 1.73 | (1.70, 1.75) | 1.76 | (1.72, 1.80) | 1.65* | (1.60, 1.70) | 1.68 | (1.62, 1.74) | 1.73 | (1.63, 1.83) | 1.81 | (1.70, 1.92) | 1.83 | (1.72, 1.94) |
Visit 2b | 750 | 1.92 | (1.89, 1.95) | 1.93 | (1.88, 1.98) | 1.87 | (1.81, 1.93) | 1.89 | (1.81, 1.97) | 1.88 | (1.76, 2.00) | 2.12 | (1.98, 2.26) | 1.97 | (1.84, 2.11) |
Visit 3c | 576 | 1.54 | (1.51, 1.57) | 1.60 | (1.55, 1.65) | 1.43* | (1.37, 1.49) | 1.54 | (1.47, 1.62) | 1.67 | (1.55, 1.79) | 1.51 | (1.39, 1.64) | 1.52 | (1.39, 1.64) |
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | |||||||||||||||
Visit 1a | 802 | 2.75 | (2.69, 2.80) | 2.74 | (2.66, 2.83) | 2.78 | (2.67, 2.88) | 2.75 | (2.62, 2.88) | 2.81 | (2.62, 3.00) | 2.43 | (2.20, 2.65) | 2.83 | (2.61, 3.06) |
Visit 2b | 739 | 3.45 | (3.38, 3.53) | 3.62 | (3.51, 3.74) | 3.31* | (3.17, 3.45) | 3.28* | (3.10, 3.46) | 3.40 | (3.14, 3.67) | 3.03* | (2.72, 3.34) | 3.78 | (3.48, 4.07) |
Visit 3c | 575 | 3.07 | (3.01, 3.14) | 3.09 | (2.98, 3.20) | 3.13 | (3.00, 3.26) | 2.98 | (2.82, 3.15) | 2.95 | (2.69, 3.21) | 3.04 | (2.75, 3.32) | 3.10 | (2.83, 3.38) |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | |||||||||||||||
Visit 1a | 806 | 5.00 | (4.94, 5.05) | 5.01 | (4.92, 5.11) | 4.99 | (4.87, 5.11) | 4.97 | (4.82, 5.12) | 4.96 | (4.74, 5.18) | 4.89 | (4.64, 5.14) | 5.12 | (4.87, 5.38) |
Visit 2b | 750 | 6.18 | (6.10, 6.26) | 6.36 | (6.24, 6.48) | 6.02* | (5.86, 6.17) | 5.93* | (5.73, 6.14) | 5.92* | (5.62, 6.23) | 6.14 | (5.80, 6.48) | 6.57 | (6.24, 6.91) |
Visit 3c | 576 | 5.02 | (4.95, 5.10) | 5.08 | (4.96, 5.20) | 5.01 | (4.87, 5.15) | 4.95 | (4.77, 5.13) | 4.92 | (4.63, 5.21) | 5.04 | (4.73, 5.34) | 5.01 | (4.70, 5.31) |