Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Die Urologie 3/2024

23.10.2023 | Prostatakarzinom | Übersichten

Androgendeprivationstherapie und kardiovaskuläre Morbidität beim Prostatakarzinom: ein narratives Review

verfasst von: Dr. med. Jakob Klemm, Markus von Deimling, Margit Fisch, Gero Kramer, Derya Tilki, Thomas Steuber, Gunhild von Amsberg, Christian Hengstenberg, Shahrokh F. Shariat

Erschienen in: Die Urologie | Ausgabe 3/2024

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Das Prostatakarzinom ist die häufigste Tumorerkrankung bei Männern. Es sind insbesondere Männer im fortgeschrittenen Alter mit einer erhöhten Prävalenz für das metabolische Syndrom und kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen betroffen. Die Androgendeprivationstherapie (ADT) ist seit Jahrzehnten die Standardtherapie in verschiedenen Prostatakarzinomstadien und erhöht zusätzlich das Risiko für kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen und für das metabolische Syndrom. Aus diesen Gründen sollte vor der Initiierung einer ADT ein Screening auf das Vorhandensein von kardiovaskulären Risikofaktoren sowie ggf. eine kardiologische Vorstellung und Mitbetreuung während und nach Abschluss der ADT erfolgen. Darüber hinaus kann bei Patienten mit kardiovaskulären Vorerkrankungen der Einsatz eines GnRH-Antagonisten („gonadotropin-releasing hormone“) helfen, das kardiovaskuläre Risiko zu reduzieren.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL et al (2021) Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 71:209–249CrossRefPubMed Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL et al (2021) Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 71:209–249CrossRefPubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE et al (2022) Cancer statistics, 2022. CA Cancer J Clin 72:7–33PubMedCrossRef Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE et al (2022) Cancer statistics, 2022. CA Cancer J Clin 72:7–33PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Studer UE, Whelan P, Albrecht W et al (2006) Immediate or deferred androgen deprivation for patients with prostate cancer not suitable for local treatment with curative intent: European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Trial 30891. J Clin Oncol 24:1868–1876PubMedCrossRef Studer UE, Whelan P, Albrecht W et al (2006) Immediate or deferred androgen deprivation for patients with prostate cancer not suitable for local treatment with curative intent: European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Trial 30891. J Clin Oncol 24:1868–1876PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Elmehrath AO, Afifi AM, Al-Husseini MJ et al (2021) Causes of death among patients with metastatic prostate cancer in the US from 2000 to 2016. Jama Netw Open 4:e2119568PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Elmehrath AO, Afifi AM, Al-Husseini MJ et al (2021) Causes of death among patients with metastatic prostate cancer in the US from 2000 to 2016. Jama Netw Open 4:e2119568PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Kokorovic A, So AI, Serag H et al (2022) UPDATE—Canadian urological association guideline on androgen deprivation therapy: adverse events and management strategies summary of changes. Can Urol Assoc J 16:243–244PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kokorovic A, So AI, Serag H et al (2022) UPDATE—Canadian urological association guideline on androgen deprivation therapy: adverse events and management strategies summary of changes. Can Urol Assoc J 16:243–244PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Cornford P, Van Den Bergh RCN, Briers E et al (2021) EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-SIOG guidelines on prostate cancer. Part II-2020 update: treatment of relapsing and metastatic prostate cancer. Eur Urol 79:263–282PubMedCrossRef Cornford P, Van Den Bergh RCN, Briers E et al (2021) EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-SIOG guidelines on prostate cancer. Part II-2020 update: treatment of relapsing and metastatic prostate cancer. Eur Urol 79:263–282PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Oefelein MG, Feng A, Scolieri MJ et al (2000) Reassessment of the definition of castrate levels of testosterone: implications for clinical decision making. Urology 56:1021–1024PubMedCrossRef Oefelein MG, Feng A, Scolieri MJ et al (2000) Reassessment of the definition of castrate levels of testosterone: implications for clinical decision making. Urology 56:1021–1024PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Seidenfeld J, Samson DJ, Hasselblad V et al (2000) Single-therapy androgen suppression in men with advanced prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 132:566–577PubMedCrossRef Seidenfeld J, Samson DJ, Hasselblad V et al (2000) Single-therapy androgen suppression in men with advanced prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 132:566–577PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Mottet N, Van Den Bergh RCN, Briers E et al (2021) EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-SIOG guidelines on prostate cancer-2020 update. Part 1: screening, diagnosis, and local treatment with curative intent. Eur Urol 79:243–262PubMedCrossRef Mottet N, Van Den Bergh RCN, Briers E et al (2021) EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-SIOG guidelines on prostate cancer-2020 update. Part 1: screening, diagnosis, and local treatment with curative intent. Eur Urol 79:243–262PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Riaz IB, Naqvi Sa A, He H et al (2023) First-line systemic treatment options for metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer: a living systematic review and network meta-analysis, JAMA Oncol. Aufl. Riaz IB, Naqvi Sa A, He H et al (2023) First-line systemic treatment options for metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer: a living systematic review and network meta-analysis, JAMA Oncol. Aufl.
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Saigal CS, Gore JL, Krupski TL et al (2007) Androgen deprivation therapy increases cardiovascular morbidity in men with prostate cancer. Cancer 110:1493–1500PubMedCrossRef Saigal CS, Gore JL, Krupski TL et al (2007) Androgen deprivation therapy increases cardiovascular morbidity in men with prostate cancer. Cancer 110:1493–1500PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Liang Z, Zhu J, Chen L et al (2020) Is androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer associated with cardiovascular disease? A meta-analysis and systematic review. Andrology 8:559–574PubMedCrossRef Liang Z, Zhu J, Chen L et al (2020) Is androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer associated with cardiovascular disease? A meta-analysis and systematic review. Andrology 8:559–574PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Khoshkar Y, Vigneswaran HT, Eloranta S et al (2022) Cardiovascular, bone, and metabolic health in men with castrate-resistant prostate cancer treated with androgen deprivation: a matched cohort study. Acta Oncol 61:1377–1385PubMedCrossRef Khoshkar Y, Vigneswaran HT, Eloranta S et al (2022) Cardiovascular, bone, and metabolic health in men with castrate-resistant prostate cancer treated with androgen deprivation: a matched cohort study. Acta Oncol 61:1377–1385PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Kulkarni AA, Rubin N, Tholkes A et al (2021) Risk for stroke and myocardial infarction with abiraterone versus enzalutamide in metastatic prostate cancer patients. Esmo Open 6:100261PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kulkarni AA, Rubin N, Tholkes A et al (2021) Risk for stroke and myocardial infarction with abiraterone versus enzalutamide in metastatic prostate cancer patients. Esmo Open 6:100261PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Iacovelli R, Ciccarese C, Bria E et al (2018) The cardiovascular toxicity of Abiraterone and Enzalutamide in prostate cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer 16:e645–e653PubMedCrossRef Iacovelli R, Ciccarese C, Bria E et al (2018) The cardiovascular toxicity of Abiraterone and Enzalutamide in prostate cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer 16:e645–e653PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Armstrong AJ, Lin P, Tombal B et al (2020) Five-year survival prediction and safety outcomes with Enzalutamide in men with chemotherapy-naïve metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer from the PREVAIL trial. Eur Urol 78:347–357PubMedCrossRef Armstrong AJ, Lin P, Tombal B et al (2020) Five-year survival prediction and safety outcomes with Enzalutamide in men with chemotherapy-naïve metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer from the PREVAIL trial. Eur Urol 78:347–357PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat O’farrell S, Garmo H, Holmberg L et al (2015) Risk and timing of cardiovascular disease after androgen-deprivation therapy in men with prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 33:1243–1251PubMedCrossRef O’farrell S, Garmo H, Holmberg L et al (2015) Risk and timing of cardiovascular disease after androgen-deprivation therapy in men with prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 33:1243–1251PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Anonymous (2020) Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. Lancet 396:1204–1222CrossRef Anonymous (2020) Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. Lancet 396:1204–1222CrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Albertsen PC, Klotz L, Tombal B et al (2014) Cardiovascular morbidity associated with gonadotropin releasing hormone agonists and an antagonist. Eur Urol 65:565–573PubMedCrossRef Albertsen PC, Klotz L, Tombal B et al (2014) Cardiovascular morbidity associated with gonadotropin releasing hormone agonists and an antagonist. Eur Urol 65:565–573PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Cirne F, Aghel N, Petropoulos JA et al (2022) The cardiovascular effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists in men with prostate cancer. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother 8:253–262PubMedCrossRef Cirne F, Aghel N, Petropoulos JA et al (2022) The cardiovascular effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists in men with prostate cancer. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother 8:253–262PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Abufaraj M, Iwata T, Kimura S et al (2021) Differential impact of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist versus agonist on clinical safety and oncologic outcomes on patients with metastatic prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur Urol 79:44–53PubMedCrossRef Abufaraj M, Iwata T, Kimura S et al (2021) Differential impact of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist versus agonist on clinical safety and oncologic outcomes on patients with metastatic prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur Urol 79:44–53PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Von Amsberg G, Thiele H, Merseburger A (2021) Cardiovascular side effects in patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy: superiority of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists? An update. Urol Ausg A 60:1450–1457 Von Amsberg G, Thiele H, Merseburger A (2021) Cardiovascular side effects in patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy: superiority of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists? An update. Urol Ausg A 60:1450–1457
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Merseburger AS, Sedding D, Hüter K (2016) Cardiovascular risk patients under androgen deprivation therapy: lower risk with GnRH antagonists compared to LHRH agonists? Urol Ausg A 55:218–225CrossRef Merseburger AS, Sedding D, Hüter K (2016) Cardiovascular risk patients under androgen deprivation therapy: lower risk with GnRH antagonists compared to LHRH agonists? Urol Ausg A 55:218–225CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Margel D, Peer A, Ber Y et al (2019) Cardiovascular morbidity in a randomized trial comparing GnRH agonist and GnRH antagonist among patients with advanced prostate cancer and preexisting cardiovascular disease. J Urol 202:1199–1208PubMedCrossRef Margel D, Peer A, Ber Y et al (2019) Cardiovascular morbidity in a randomized trial comparing GnRH agonist and GnRH antagonist among patients with advanced prostate cancer and preexisting cardiovascular disease. J Urol 202:1199–1208PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Shore ND, Saad F, Cookson MS et al (2020) Oral Relugolix for androgen-deprivation therapy in advanced prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 382:2187–2196PubMedCrossRef Shore ND, Saad F, Cookson MS et al (2020) Oral Relugolix for androgen-deprivation therapy in advanced prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 382:2187–2196PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Hopmans SN, Duivenvoorden WCM, Werstuck GH et al (2014) GnRH antagonist associates with less adiposity and reduced characteristics of metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis compared with orchiectomy and GnRH agonist in a preclinical mouse model1Contributed equally and share first authorship. Urol Oncol Seminars Orig Investig 32:1126–1134 Hopmans SN, Duivenvoorden WCM, Werstuck GH et al (2014) GnRH antagonist associates with less adiposity and reduced characteristics of metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis compared with orchiectomy and GnRH agonist in a preclinical mouse model1Contributed equally and share first authorship. Urol Oncol Seminars Orig Investig 32:1126–1134
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Lopes RD, Higano CS, Slovin SF et al (2021) Cardiovascular safety of Degarelix versus Leuprolide in patients with prostate cancer: the primary results of the PRONOUNCE randomized trial. Circulation 144:1295–1307PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lopes RD, Higano CS, Slovin SF et al (2021) Cardiovascular safety of Degarelix versus Leuprolide in patients with prostate cancer: the primary results of the PRONOUNCE randomized trial. Circulation 144:1295–1307PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Ng CF, Teoh JYC, Chiu PKF (2022) Letter by Ng et al regarding article, “cardiovascular safety of Degarelix versus Leuprolide in patients with prostate cancer: the primary results of the PRONOUNCE randomized trial”. Circulation 145:e773–e774PubMedCrossRef Ng CF, Teoh JYC, Chiu PKF (2022) Letter by Ng et al regarding article, “cardiovascular safety of Degarelix versus Leuprolide in patients with prostate cancer: the primary results of the PRONOUNCE randomized trial”. Circulation 145:e773–e774PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Wallach JD, Deng Y, Mccoy RG et al (2021) Real-world cardiovascular outcomes associated with Degarelix vs Leuprolide for prostate cancer treatment. Jama Netw Open 4:e2130587PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wallach JD, Deng Y, Mccoy RG et al (2021) Real-world cardiovascular outcomes associated with Degarelix vs Leuprolide for prostate cancer treatment. Jama Netw Open 4:e2130587PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat George G, Garmo H, Scailteux LM et al (2021) Risk of cardiovascular disease following gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists vs antagonists in prostate cancer: Real-world evidence from five databases. Int J Cancer 148:2203–2211PubMedCrossRef George G, Garmo H, Scailteux LM et al (2021) Risk of cardiovascular disease following gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists vs antagonists in prostate cancer: Real-world evidence from five databases. Int J Cancer 148:2203–2211PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Zengerling F, Jakob JJ, Schmidt S et al (2021) Degarelix for treating advanced hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 8:Cd12548PubMed Zengerling F, Jakob JJ, Schmidt S et al (2021) Degarelix for treating advanced hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 8:Cd12548PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Lyon AR, López-Fernández T, Couch LS et al (2022) 2022 ESC guidelines on cardio-oncology developed in collaboration with the European hematology association (EHA), the European society for therapeutic radiology and oncology (ESTRO) and the international Cardio-oncology society (IC-OS): developed by the task force on cardio-oncology of the European society of cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 43:4229–4361PubMedCrossRef Lyon AR, López-Fernández T, Couch LS et al (2022) 2022 ESC guidelines on cardio-oncology developed in collaboration with the European hematology association (EHA), the European society for therapeutic radiology and oncology (ESTRO) and the international Cardio-oncology society (IC-OS): developed by the task force on cardio-oncology of the European society of cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 43:4229–4361PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Timmis A, Vardas P, Townsend N et al (2022) European society of cardiology: cardiovascular disease statistics 2021. Eur Heart J 43:716–799PubMedCrossRef Timmis A, Vardas P, Townsend N et al (2022) European society of cardiology: cardiovascular disease statistics 2021. Eur Heart J 43:716–799PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Belladelli F, Montorsi F, Martini A (2022) Metabolic syndrome, obesity and cancer risk. Curr Opin Urol 32:594–597PubMedCrossRef Belladelli F, Montorsi F, Martini A (2022) Metabolic syndrome, obesity and cancer risk. Curr Opin Urol 32:594–597PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Bosco C, Crawley D, Adolfsson J et al (2015) Quantifying the evidence for the risk of metabolic syndrome and its components following androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 10:e117344PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Bosco C, Crawley D, Adolfsson J et al (2015) Quantifying the evidence for the risk of metabolic syndrome and its components following androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 10:e117344PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Morote J, Gómez-Caamaño A, Alvarez-Ossorio JL et al (2015) The metabolic syndrome and its components in patients with prostate cancer on androgen deprivation therapy. J Urol 193:1963–1969PubMedCrossRef Morote J, Gómez-Caamaño A, Alvarez-Ossorio JL et al (2015) The metabolic syndrome and its components in patients with prostate cancer on androgen deprivation therapy. J Urol 193:1963–1969PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Gacci M, Russo GI, De Nunzio C et al (2017) Meta-analysis of metabolic syndrome and prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 20:146–155PubMedCrossRef Gacci M, Russo GI, De Nunzio C et al (2017) Meta-analysis of metabolic syndrome and prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 20:146–155PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Levine GN, D’amico AV, Berger P et al (2010) Androgen-deprivation therapy in prostate cancer and cardiovascular risk: a science advisory from the American heart association, American cancer society, and American urological association: endorsed by the American society for radiation oncology. CA Cancer J Clin 60:194–201PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Levine GN, D’amico AV, Berger P et al (2010) Androgen-deprivation therapy in prostate cancer and cardiovascular risk: a science advisory from the American heart association, American cancer society, and American urological association: endorsed by the American society for radiation oncology. CA Cancer J Clin 60:194–201PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Kenk M, Grégoire JC, Coté MA et al (2020) Optimizing screening and management of cardiovascular health in prostate cancer: A review. Can Urol Assoc J 14:E458–e464PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kenk M, Grégoire JC, Coté MA et al (2020) Optimizing screening and management of cardiovascular health in prostate cancer: A review. Can Urol Assoc J 14:E458–e464PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO et al (2020) Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019: update from the GBD 2019 study. J Am Coll Cardiol 76:2982–3021PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO et al (2020) Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019: update from the GBD 2019 study. J Am Coll Cardiol 76:2982–3021PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Tombal B (2009) A holistic approach to androgen deprivation therapy: treating the cancer without hurting the patient. Urol Int 83:373–378PubMedCrossRef Tombal B (2009) A holistic approach to androgen deprivation therapy: treating the cancer without hurting the patient. Urol Int 83:373–378PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Curigliano G, Lenihan D, Fradley M et al (2020) Management of cardiac disease in cancer patients throughout oncological treatment: ESMO consensus recommendations. Ann Oncol 31:171–190PubMedCrossRef Curigliano G, Lenihan D, Fradley M et al (2020) Management of cardiac disease in cancer patients throughout oncological treatment: ESMO consensus recommendations. Ann Oncol 31:171–190PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Androgendeprivationstherapie und kardiovaskuläre Morbidität beim Prostatakarzinom: ein narratives Review
verfasst von
Dr. med. Jakob Klemm
Markus von Deimling
Margit Fisch
Gero Kramer
Derya Tilki
Thomas Steuber
Gunhild von Amsberg
Christian Hengstenberg
Shahrokh F. Shariat
Publikationsdatum
23.10.2023
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Die Urologie / Ausgabe 3/2024
Print ISSN: 2731-7064
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-7072
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-023-02222-1

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2024

Die Urologie 3/2024 Zur Ausgabe

BvDU Kurz notiert

BvDU Kurz notiert

Termine

Termine

Passend zum Thema

ANZEIGE

Bei Immuntherapien das erhöhte Thromboserisiko beachten

Unter modernen Systemtherapien versechsfacht sich das VTE-Risiko. Warum diese Daten relevant für die Behandlung krebsassoziierter Thrombosen sind, erläutert Prof. F. Langer im Interview. So kann es durch Immuntherapien zu inflammatorischen Syndromen z.B. im GI-Trakt kommen. Nebenwirkungen wie Durchfall oder Mukositis haben dann Einfluss auf die Wirksamkeit oraler Antikoagulantien. Aber auch in punkto Blutungsrisiko ist Vorsicht geboten. Wann hier bevorzugt NMH eingesetzt werden sollten, erläutert Prof. Langer im Interview.

ANZEIGE

CAT-Management ist ganz einfach – oder doch nicht?

Krebsassoziierte venöse Thromboembolien (CAT) haben in den vergangenen Jahren stetig zugenommen. Was hat der Anstieg mit modernen Antitumortherapien zu tun? Venöse Thromboembolien sind relevante Morbiditäts- und Mortalitätsfaktoren in der Onkologie. Besonders hoch sind die Risiken bei Tumoren des Abdominalraums. Eine antithrombotische Primärprophylaxe ist daher gerade bei gastrointestinalen (GI-) Tumoren auch im ambulanten Setting wichtig.

ANZEIGE

Management von Thromboembolien bei Krebspatienten

Die Thromboembolie ist neben Infektionen die zweithäufigste Todesursache bei Krebspatienten. Die Behandlung der CAT (cancer associated thrombosis) ist komplex und orientiert sich am individuellen Patienten. Angesichts einer Vielzahl zur Verfügung stehender medikamentöser Behandlungsoptionen finden Sie hier Video-Experteninterviews, Sonderpublikationen und aktuelle Behandlungsalgorithmen zur Therapieentscheidung auf Basis von Expertenempfehlungen.

LEO Pharma GmbH