Introduction
Methods
Study population
Proteomic profiling
Laboratory analyses
Statistical analysis
Results
Study characteristics
Total | HO | NHO | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n | 517 | 407 | 110 | |
Age (years) | 67.2 (± 5.9) | 67.7 (± 5.9) | 65.4 (± 5.9) |
< 0.001
|
Sex (women); n (%) | 174 (33.7) | 144 (35.4) | 30 (27.3) | 0.11 |
BMI (kg/m
2
) | 33.5 (± 3.3) | 33.5(± 3.2) | 33.4 (± 3.4) | 0.76 |
Waist (cm) | 110.2 (± 10.3) | 110.4 (± 10.1) | 109.5 (± 10.9) | 0.46 |
Smoker; n (%) | 67 (13.0) | 54 (13.3) | 13 (11.8) | 0.67 |
SBP (mmHg) | 149.6 (± 20.4) | 148.5 (± 20.1) | 153.8 (± 20.9) |
0.01
|
DBP (mmHg) | 86.1 (± 10.6) | 85.6 (± 10.6) | 88.0 (± 10.2) |
0.04
|
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.3 (± 1.1) | 5.2 (± 1.1) | 5.6 ± 1.1) |
0.001
|
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.4 (± 1.0) | 3.3 (± 1.0) | 3.7 (± 0.9) |
0.001
|
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.2 (± 0.3) | 1.2 (± 0.3) | 1.2 (± 0.4) | 0.98 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.5 (1.0) | 1.5 (1.0) | 1.6 (1.2) | 0.33 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 7.4 (± 2.2) | 7.4 (± 2.1) | 7.2 (2.3) | 0.37 |
Lipid-lowering drugs; n (%) | 159 (30.8) | 142 (34.9) | 17 (15.5) |
< 0.001
|
Hypertension; n (%) | 467 (90.3) | 371 (91.2) | 96 (87.3) | 0.22 |
AHT drugs; n (%) | 359 (69.4) | 302 (74.2) | 57 (51.8) |
< 0.001
|
Prevalent diabetes; n (%) | 262 (50.7) | 209 (51.4) | 53 (48.2) | 0.56 |
Biomarker analyses
HO (n = 407) vs. NHO (n = 110) | ||
---|---|---|
OR (CI95%) |
p | |
Unadjusted | ||
Galectin-4 | 2.03 (1.42–2.90) |
< 0.001
|
Model 1 | ||
Galectin-4 | 1.85 (1.28–2.67) |
0.001
|
Age | 1.05 (1.01–1.09) |
0.013
|
Sex | 0.93 (0.56–1.53) | 0.765 |
Model 2 | ||
Galectin-4 | 1.72 (1.16–2.54) |
0.007
|
Age | 1.05 (1.00–1.09) |
0.030
|
Sex | 0.73 (0.42–1.25) | 0.246 |
Diabetes | 0.60 (0.33–1.10) | 0.098 |
Total cholesterol | 0.71 (0.56–0.86) |
< 0.001
|
Smoking | 1.34 (0.67–2.65) | 0.407 |
Hypertension | 1.03 (0.50–2.11) | 0.938 |
BMI | 1.00 (0.93–1.07) | 0.885 |
FPG | 1.27 (0.92–1.75) | 0.140 |
Subjects without diabetes | Subjects with diabetes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 255 | n = 262 | |||
HO n = 198; NHO n = 57 | HO n = 209; NHO n = 53 | |||
Model 1 |
OR (CI95%) |
p |
OR (CI95%) |
p |
Galectin-4 | 1.52 (0.99–2.53) | 0.111 | 2.45 (1.38–4.35) |
0.002
|
Age | 1.06 (1.01–1.12) |
0.024
| 1.07 (1.01–1.13) |
0.016
|
Sex | 1.08 (0.56–2.09) | 0.824 | 0.62 (0.29–1.35) | 0.228 |
Model 2 |
OR (CI95%) |
p |
OR (CI95%) |
p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Galectin-4 | 1.45 (0.84–2.49) | 0.172 | 2.26 (1.25–4.07) |
0.007
|
Age | 1.06 (1.00-1.12) |
0.039
| 1.03 (0.97–1.10) | 0.279 |
Sex | 0.93 (0.44–1.96) | 0.843 | 0.41 (0.18–0.97) |
0.043
|
Total choles§terol | 0.92 (0.67–1.25) | 0.574 | 0.60 (0.44–0.81) |
0.001
|
Current smoker | 1.97 (0.74–5.29) | 0.177 | 1.01 (0.38–2.68) | 0.991 |
Hypertension | 1.09 (0.46–2.57) | 0.849 | 0.84 (0.23–3.03) | 0.784 |
BMI | 1.08 (0.95–1.23) | 0.250 | 0.94 (0.86–1.03) | 0.200 |
FPG | 1.89 (0.88–3.99) | 0.063 | 1.15 (0.80–1.63) | 0.454 |