Background
Methods
Data sources and study participants
Definition of variables
Statistical analysis
Results
Descriptive statistics
Prime-aged adults, 20–49 | Late-middle-aged adults, 50–64 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n = 245) | Men (n = 168) | Women (n = 77) | Total (n = 338) | Men (n = 202) | Women (n = 136) | ||||||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
Key independent variables | |||||||||||||
Onset age of visual impairment | |||||||||||||
Continuous | Mean ± SD | 17.1 ± 13.1 | 17.3 ± 12.8 | 16.6 ± 13.7 | 32.4 ± 18.2 | 32.9 ± 18.1 | 31.5 ± 18.5 | ||||||
Category | Age 0–5 | 63 | 25.7 | 41 | 24.4 | 22 | 28.6 | 35 | 10.4 | 17 | 8.4 | 18 | 13.2 |
Age 6–17 | 67 | 27.3 | 44 | 26.2 | 23 | 29.9 | 56 | 16.6 | 35 | 17.3 | 21 | 15.4 | |
Age 18–24 | 38 | 15.5 | 32 | 19.0 | 6 | 7.8 | 23 | 6.8 | 15 | 7.4 | 8 | 5.9 | |
Age 25 + | 77 | 31.4 | 51 | 30.4 | 26 | 33.8 | 224 | 66.3 | 135 | 66.8 | 89 | 65.4 | |
Covariates | |||||||||||||
Severity of disability | Mild (Index 6) | 175 | 71.4 | 125 | 74.4 | 50 | 64.9 | 235 | 69.5 | 143 | 70.8 | 92 | 67.6 |
Moderate (Index 4,5) | 23 | 9.4 | 13 | 7.7 | 10 | 13.0 | 45 | 13.3 | 29 | 14.4 | 16 | 11.8 | |
Severe (Index 1–3) | 47 | 19.2 | 30 | 17.9 | 17 | 22.1 | 58 | 17.2 | 30 | 14.9 | 28 | 20.6 | |
Reason for disability | Congenital, unknown | 41 | 16.7 | 26 | 15.5 | 15 | 19.5 | 27 | 8.0 | 16 | 7.9 | 11 | 8.1 |
Acquired due to disease | 93 | 38.0 | 56 | 33.3 | 37 | 48.1 | 159 | 47.0 | 81 | 40.1 | 78 | 57.4 | |
Acquired due to accident | 111 | 45.3 | 86 | 51.2 | 25 | 32.5 | 152 | 45.0 | 105 | 52.0 | 47 | 34.6 | |
Age | Mean ± SD | 38.9 ± 7.6 | 38.2 ± 7.8 | 40.5 ± 7.0 | 57.4 ± 4.2 | 57.0 ± 4.1 | 58.0 ± 4.4 | ||||||
Married | Yes | 143 | 58.4 | 89 | 53.0 | 54 | 70.1 | 258 | 76.3 | 168 | 83.2 | 90 | 66.2 |
Education | ≤ Middle school | 31 | 12.7 | 19 | 11.3 | 12 | 15.6 | 173 | 51.2 | 87 | 43.1 | 86 | 63.2 |
High school | 111 | 45.3 | 75 | 44.6 | 36 | 46.8 | 117 | 34.6 | 80 | 39.6 | 37 | 27.2 | |
≥ College | 103 | 42.0 | 74 | 44.0 | 29 | 37.7 | 48 | 14.2 | 35 | 17.3 | 13 | 9.6 | |
Chronic diseases | Yes | 88 | 35.9 | 60 | 35.7 | 28 | 36.4 | 228 | 67.5 | 129 | 63.9 | 99 | 72.8 |
Self-rated health | Bad | 45 | 18.4 | 27 | 16.1 | 18 | 23.4 | 139 | 41.1 | 72 | 35.6 | 67 | 49.3 |
Job training | Yes | 29 | 11.8 | 13 | 7.7 | 16 | 20.8 | 16 | 4.7 | 6 | 3.0 | 10 | 7.4 |
Survey year | 2011 | 86 | 35.1 | 64 | 38.1 | 22 | 28.6 | 126 | 37.3 | 76 | 37.6 | 50 | 36.8 |
2014 | 92 | 37.6 | 63 | 37.5 | 29 | 37.7 | 120 | 35.5 | 74 | 36.6 | 46 | 33.8 | |
2017 | 67 | 27.3 | 41 | 24.4 | 26 | 33.8 | 92 | 27.2 | 52 | 25.7 | 40 | 29.4 | |
Dependent variables | |||||||||||||
Employment | Yes | 166 | 67.8 | 128 | 76.2 | 38 | 49.4 | 169 | 50.0 | 118 | 58.4 | 51 | 37.5 |
Job securitya | Permanent employee | 106 | 63.9 | 84 | 65.6 | 22 | 57.9 | 68 | 40.2 | 55 | 46.6 | 13 | 25.5 |
Temporary employee | 60 | 36.1 | 44 | 34.4 | 16 | 42.1 | 101 | 59.8 | 63 | 53.4 | 38 | 74.5 | |
No | 79 | 32.2 | 40 | 23.8 | 39 | 50.6 | 169 | 50.0 | 84 | 41.6 | 85 | 62.5 | |
Monthly wageb (Mean ± SD) | All employees | 1,774 ± 1,130c | 1,967 ± 1,171c | 1,131 ± 666 | 1,438 ± 1,083 | 1,653 ± 1,178 | 941 ± 579 | ||||||
Permanent employees | 2,124 ± 1,138c | 2,323 ± 1,155c | 1,373 ± 668 | 2,089 ± 1,324 | 2,238 ± 1,389 | 1,460 ± 756 | |||||||
Temporary employees | 1,162 ± 819 | 1,295 ± 872 | 796 ± 511 | 1,000 ± 562 | 1,143 ± 608 | 764 ± 374 | |||||||
Total | 245 | 100.0 | 168 | 100.0 | 77 | 100.0 | 338 | 100.0 | 202 | 100.0 | 136 | 100.0 |
Estimates from regression models
Prime-aged adults, 20–49 (n = 245) | Late-middle-aged adults, 50–64 (n = 338) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Logistic regression | Multinomial logistic regression | Logistic regression | Multinomial logistic regression | ||||||||||
Employment | Permanent employees | Temporary employees | Employment | Permanent employees | Temporary employees | ||||||||
aOR (95% CI) | p-value | aOR (95% CI) | p-value | aOR (95% CI) | p-value | aOR (95% CI) | p-value | aOR (95% CI) | p-value | aOR (95% CI) | p-value | ||
Onset age of visual impairment | |||||||||||||
(ref. = Age 0–5) | Age 6–17 | 0.57(0.22, 1.46) | 0.238 | 0.53(0.18,1.60) | 0.259 | 0.56(0.18,1.74) | 0.318 | 1.24(0.43,3.54) | 0.694 | 1.19(0.27,5.22) | 0.815 | 1.14(0.34,3.88) | 0.829 |
Age 18–24 | 0.75(0.24,2.30) | 0.610 | 0.76(0.21,2.70) | 0.668 | 0.67(0.18,2.54) | 0.558 | 1.35(0.41,4.42) | 0.616 | 1.56(0.30,8.10) | 0.594 | 1.18(0.28,4.93) | 0.824 | |
Age 25 + | 0.27(0.10,0.69) | 0.007 | 0.23(0.08,0.67) | 0.007 | 0.35(0.11,1.10) | 0.072 | 2.26(0.93,5.51) | 0.072 | 1.60(0.41,6.15) | 0.497 | 2.63(0.97,7.09) | 0.057 | |
Severity of disability | Moderate | 0.49(0.14,1.64) | 0.246 | 0.33(0.09,1.31) | 0.115 | 0.77(0.19,3.05) | 0.710 | 0.95(0.45,2.03) | 0.903 | 1.41(0.55,3.64) | 0.472 | 0.85(0.37,1.99) | 0.715 |
(ref. = Mild) | Severe | 0.31(0.13,0.74) | 0.008 | 0.20(0.07,0.58) | 0.003 | 0.51(0.19,1.33) | 0.167 | 0.20(0.08,0.50) | 0.000 | 0.17(0.04,0.80) | 0.025 | 0.23(0.09,0.56) | 0.001 |
Reason for disability | Acquired due to disease | 1.55(0.59,4.08) | 0.375 | 1.64(0.55,4.87) | 0.374 | 1.40(0.43,4.61) | 0.579 | 1.47(0.51,4.26) | 0.475 | 1.80(0.29,11.15) | 0.527 | 1.33(0.46,3.85) | 0.593 |
(ref. = Congenital, unknown) | Acquired due to accident | 1.47(0.57,3.81) | 0.424 | 1.63(0.57,4.71) | 0.364 | 1.34(0.41,4.35) | 0.622 | 1.44(0.54,3.84) | 0.470 | 1.88(0.38,9.41) | 0.443 | 1.24(0.44,3.50) | 0.679 |
Sex | Women | 0.17(0.08,0.36) | 0.000 | 0.16(0.07,0.35) | 0.000 | 0.21(0.09,0.51) | 0.001 | 0.38(0.21,0.68) | 0.001 | 0.24(0.11,0.53) | 0.000 | 0.46(0.25,0.84) | 0.012 |
Age | Continuous | 1.10(1.05,1.16) | 0.000 | 1.10(1.03,1.16) | 0.002 | 1.11(1.04,1.17) | 0.001 | 0.84(0.78,0.90) | 0.000 | 0.78(0.71,0.85) | 0.000 | 0.87(0.80,0.94) | 0.000 |
Married | Yes | 2.17(1.01,4.67) | 0.046 | 3.46(1.48,8.10) | 0.004 | 1.17(0.47,2.90) | 0.736 | 0.56(0.29,1.09) | 0.086 | 0.70(0.28,1.79) | 0.458 | 0.52(0.26,1.04) | 0.064 |
Education | High school | 1.46(0.59,3.61) | 0.413 | 1.95(0.66,5.73) | 0.224 | 1.12(0.41,3.05) | 0.820 | 0.60(0.33,1.12) | 0.108 | 0.76(0.34,1.68) | 0.495 | 0.59(0.31,1.15) | 0.119 |
(ref. = ≤ Middle school) | ≥ College | 1.91(0.71,5.12) | 0.198 | 3.62(1.20,10.88) | 0.022 | 0.81(0.25,2.59) | 0.720 | 0.74(0.38,1.47) | 0.392 | 2.31(0.87,6.12) | 0.092 | 0.25(0.09,0.69) | 0.007 |
Chronic diseases | Yes | 0.56(0.27,1.16) | 0.120 | 0.57(0.25,1.29) | 0.178 | 0.54(0.24,1.25) | 0.152 | 1.44(0.78,2.64) | 0.244 | 1.34(0.63,2.87) | 0.452 | 1.51(0.76,3.01) | 0.242 |
Self-rated health | Bad | 0.46(0.19,1.10) | 0.082 | 0.52(0.20,1.36) | 0.183 | 0.41(0.13,1.26) | 0.119 | 0.36(0.20,0.65) | 0.001 | 0.14(0.06,0.35) | 0.000 | 0.51(0.27,0.94) | 0.032 |
Job training | Yes | 2.22(0.60,8.21) | 0.231 | 1.61(0.35,7.35) | 0.541 | 2.78(0.72,10.76) | 0.139 | 2.85(0.88,9.22) | 0.081 | 0.75(0.06,8.98) | 0.820 | 4.19(1.20,14.67) | 0.025 |
Survey year | 2014 | 0.55(0.25,1.23) | 0.144 | 0.50(0.20,1.22) | 0.126 | 0.61(0.24,1.55) | 0.298 | 1.33(0.70,2.52) | 0.386 | 1.86(0.76,4.55) | 0.177 | 1.19(0.60,2.35) | 0.615 |
(ref. = 2011) | 2017 | 1.10(0.48,2.55) | 0.817 | 1.00(0.39,2.59) | 0.998 | 1.27(0.47,3.47) | 0.635 | 1.51(0.72,3.16) | 0.278 | 2.81(1.09,7.27) | 0.033 | 1.10(0.50,2.43) | 0.809 |
Pseudo R2 | 0.2222 | 0.1901 | 0.1929 | 0.2154 |
Mena | Womena | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Logistic regressionb | Multinomial logistic regressionc | Logistic regressionb | Multinomial logistic regressionc | ||||||||||
Employment | Permanent employees | Temporary employees | Employment | Permanent employees | Temporary employees | ||||||||
aOR(95%CI) | p-value | aOR(95%CI) | p-value | aOR(95%CI) | p-value | aOR(95%CI) | p-value | aOR(95%CI) | p-value | aOR(95%CI) | p-value | ||
Prime-aged adults, 20–49 | |||||||||||||
Onset age of visual impairment | |||||||||||||
Model 1.1 | Continuous | 0.94(0.89, 1.00) | 0.044 | 0.94(0.89,1.00) | 0.047 | 0.96(0.90,1.01) | 0.133 | 0.95(0.90,1.00) | 0.073 | 0.96(0.90,1.02) | 0.192 | 0.92(0.84,1.00) | 0.046 |
Model 1.2 (ref. = Age 0–5) | Age 6–17 | 0.42(0.10,1.85) | 0.252 | 0.35(0.07,1.79) | 0.205 | 0.49(0.09,2.58) | 0.396 | 0.46(0.09,2.39) | 0.359 | 0.38(0.45,3.73) | 0.410 | 0.53(0.44,2.74) | 0.445 |
Age 18–24 | 0.69(0.12,3.88) | 0.675 | 0.65(0.11,4.06) | 0.649 | 0.67(0.09,4.88) | 0.696 | 0.83(0.13,5.35) | 0.847 | 0.46(0.61,6.01) | 0.557 | 0.95(1.14,10.09) | 0.963 | |
Age 25 + | 0.18(0.03,0.93) | 0.041 | 0.14(0.02,0.77) | 0.025 | 0.30(0.04,2.04) | 0.219 | 0.14(0.02,0.90) | 0.038 | 0.15(0.17,1.39) | 0.095 | 0.05(0.07,0.75) | 0.030 | |
Pseudo R2 | Model 1: 0.3720 Model 2: 0.3755 | Model 1: 0.2766 Model 2: 0.2836 | Model 1: 0.1626 Model 2: 0.1802 | Model 1: 0.1603 Model 2: 0.1754 | |||||||||
Late-middle-aged adults, 50–64 | |||||||||||||
Onset age of visual impairment | |||||||||||||
Model 1.1 | Continuous | 1.02(0.99,1.04) | 0.144 | 1.01(0.98,1.04) | 0.418 | 1.02(1.00,1.04) | 0.133 | 0.99(0.97,1.02) | 0.556 | 0.96(0.92,1.00) | 0.083 | 1.00(0.97,1.02) | 0.819 |
Model 1.2 (ref. = Age 0–5) | Age 6–17 | 1.23(0.24,6.37) | 0.804 | 0.65(0.08,5.25) | 0.688 | 1.60(0.21,12.18) | 0.649 | 1.51(0.22,10.33) | 0.675 | 4.14(0.32,53.37) | 0.276 | 0.93(0.12,7.34) | 0.942 |
Age 18–24 | 1.04(0.19, 5.84) | 0.965 | 0.69(0.07,6.31) | 0.739 | 1.28(0.13,12.52) | 0.830 | 0.96(0.14,6.63) | 0.964 | 2.02(0.06,65.04) | 0.692 | 0.80(0.08,8.51) | 0.854 | |
Age 25 + | 2.89(0.64,13.05) | 0.167 | 1.16(0.18,7.36) | 0.874 | 4.25(0.66,27.45) | 0.128 | 1.76(0.48,6.41) | 0.393 | 2.15(0.18,25.05) | 0.541 | 1.43(0.39,5.31) | 0.591 | |
Pseudo R2 | Model 1: 0.1947 Model 2: 0.2078 | Model 1: 0.2118 Model 2: 0.2236 | Model 1: 0.2270 Model 2: 0.2307 | Model 1: 0.2775 Model 2: 0.2741 |
Prime-aged adults, 20–49 | Late-middle-aged adults, 50–64 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All employees | Permanent employees | Temporary employees | All employees | Permanent employees | Temporary employees | ||||||||
Model 2.1 | Model 2.2 | Model 2.1 | Model 2.2 | Model 2.1 | Model 2.2 | Model 2.1 | Model 2.2 | Model 2.1 | Model 2.2 | Model 2.1 | Model 2.2 | ||
Coef. (SE) | Coef. (SE) | Coef. (SE) | Coef. (SE) | Coef. (SE) | Coef. (SE) | Coef. (SE) | Coef. (SE) | Coef. (SE) | Coef. (SE) | Coef. (SE) | Coef. (SE) | ||
Onset age of visual impairment | |||||||||||||
(ref. = Age 0–5) | Age 6–17 | -0.040 (0.113) | -0.038 (0.139) | 0.086 (0.105) | 0.084 (0.149) | -0.003 (0.242) | 0.138 (0.301) | 0.074 (0.269) | -0.335 (0.513) | -0.692* (0.376) | -0.902** (0.309) | 0.419* (0.211) | 1.062** (0.484) |
Age 18–24 | 0.014 (0.145) | 0.068 (0.149) | 0.106 (0.136) | 0.224 (0.151) | 0.303 (0.376) | 0.255 (0.401) | 0.382 (0.305) | 0.197 (0.555) | -0.127 (0.452) | -0.070 (0.398) | 0.358* (0.212) | 1.165** (0.459) | |
Age 25 + | 0.102 (0.136) | 0.134 (0.156) | 0.353** (0.126) | 0.435** (0.158) | 0.128 (0.244) | 0.266 (0.268) | 0.118 (0.259) | -0.227 (0.506) | -0.641* (0.344) | -0.890** (0.274) | 0.448** (0.202) | 1.122** (0.427) | |
Sex | Women | -0.530** (0.118) | -0.450* (0.230) | -0.660** (0.108) | -0.424** (0.183) | -0.339* (0.193) | -0.261 (0.362) | -0.381** (0.110) | -0.943* (0.522) | -0.313* (0.176) | -1.255** (0.392) | -0.386** (0.130) | 0.355 (0.447) |
Interaction terms | |||||||||||||
Age 6–17*Women | -0.026 (0.288) | -0.069 (0.245) | -0.177 (0.465) | 0.855 (0.530) | 1.209** (0.415) | -0.633 (0.525) | |||||||
Age 18–24*Women | -0.303 (0.570) | -0.990** (0.474) | 0.628 (0.571) | -0.009 (0.662) | -0.439 (0.592) | -1.386* (0.717) | |||||||
Age 25 + *Women | -0.145 (0.305) | -0.372 (0.234) | -0.575 (0.535) | 0.597 (0.537) | 1.146** (0.417) | -0.847* (0.504) | |||||||
R2 | 0.4260 | 0.4292 | 0.5841 | 0.6246 | 0.4186 | 0.4535 | 0.4156 | 0.4409 | 0.4265 | 0.5188 | 0.3884 | 0.4119 | |
N | 165 | 165 | 105 | 105 | 60 | 60 | 169 | 169 | 68 | 68 | 101 | 101 |