Introduction
Geriatric rehabilitation
Multidisciplinary approach
Geriatric assessment and goal setting in the ICU
Core domain | Site | Agent of care | Timing | Example of intervention |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mobility | ||||
Mobilization Passive/active Posturing | ICU/ Step down | ICU Nursing staff/ Physiotherapist | Post admission Stable patient | Positioning in & out of bed; Passive range of movements |
Post admission Stable patient /awake/ cooperative | Active Range of movements/Transfers/ Strength exercise/Balance/ Dynamic/static/coordination | |||
Mind | ||||
Cognitive assessment Delirium Assessment | ICU | ICU Nursing staff | Post admission/ Awake/ or RASS > -2 | Delirium (hypo / hyperactive) CAM |
Step down | GNP | Awake | CGA | |
Cognition/orientation | ICU | ICU Nursing staff | Post admission Communicating | Follow up |
Step down | GNP | CGA | ||
Psychological Status/mood/sleep | ICU | ICU Nursing staff | Post admission/ Communicating/ No delirium | Follow up |
Step down | GNP | CGA | ||
Competency/capacity | ICU | GNP/ Geriatrician/ Psychiatrist | Post admission/ Communicating/ No delirium/ No narcotics/ sedatives | Kitchen Picture Test [39] |
Step down/ General ward | ||||
Communication | ICU | Speech Therapist/ Nursing staff | Post admission/ Communicating/ No delirium/ No narcotics/ sedatives | |
Step down/ General ward | ||||
Sensory Integrity/Assistive sensory aids | ICU | Ophthalmologist Otolaryngologist | Post admission | Family and patient interview/Past Medical History/Physical assessment/ ENT/ophthalmologist |
Step down/ General Ward | ||||
Pain/nausea | ICU | ICU Nursing staff/ Pain clinic consultants/ GNP for delirious patients | From day one of admission | BPS for sedated patient/ VAS for alert patient |
Step down/ General ward | ||||
Medications | ||||
Polypharmacy | ICU | Physician/GNP Clinical Pharmacist | Continuous | Assess chronic medications/withholding/reducing/ restarting according to patient's condition |
Step down General Ward | Continuous | Adjusting medications to patient's condition Preparation for stable dosing and long-term treatment | ||
De-prescribing: Psychoactive/Central acting Drugs | ICU | Physician/ GNP | From admission, According to patient's condition. Aim for Minimum dose | BEERS [40] STOPP START [41] |
Step down/ General Ward | ||||
Multimorbidity | ||||
Sphincter Control/ Autonomic function | ICU/ Step down/ General Ward | Nursing staff follow up | From admission, according to patient's condition | |
Skin care/pressure sores | ICU/ Step down/ General Ward | Nursing staff follow up | Continuous assessment from admission, according to patient's condition | NORTON scale for risk assessment/ Daily skin assessment [42] |
Oral care | ICU/ Step down/ General Ward | ICU Nursing staff | Daily assessment and standard care | |
Swallowing assessment | ICU/ Step down/ General Ward | Condition dependent Not intubated Awake and cooperative Routing feeding-Nursing Staff | Continuous assessment from admission, according to patient's condition | Staff report swallowing difficulties/ known pathology/ Speech Therapist/ ENT |
Nutritional Status | ICU/ Step Down/ General Ward | Dietician | Continuous assessment from admission, according to patient's condition | |
Frailty/Physiological reserve | ICU | Nursing staff | Assessed on admission | History/Screening tools. CFS [43] |
Step Down/General Ward | Physician/ GNP | Assessed on admission | Diagnostic tools e.g. HANDGRIP/ TUG | |
What Matters Most | ||||
Preferences/goals/ cultural background/Integrity/dignity | ICU/ Step down/ General Ward | Physician/Nursing/ GNP/ Palliative care consultation/ Social Worker (S/W)/ Advanced directives/ Next of Kin (NOK)/ Surrogates | Conscious and competent patients-Assessed on admission or earliest timing possible | Patient preferences/advance directives/surrogates/custodians/family interview |
Momentum | ||||
Prognostics/Trajectory of critical illness | ICU/ Step Down/ General Ward | Physicians | Updating according to available data | Time-limited trial with short term goals/ monitor biomarkers |
Motivation/Compliance/Resilience | Step Down/General Ward | Physician/Nursing/GNP/ Physiotherapists/Social workers/ all staff | Conscious/Competent patient at earliest timing possible | |
Social support/Family support | ICU/ Step Down/General Ward | S/W | Continuous assessment from admission, background, acute and chronic conditions changes in patient's condition | Family and other caregivers/Barriers to future care/ Finances |
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to include the patient's individual preferences and beliefs in order to frame choices within the dimensions of benefit as well as harms and burdens of care,
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to favour therapies that optimize benefit with regard to quality of life and minimize harm,
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to consider feasibility of interventions in the patient's and caregivers' social and cultural context.
Assessment of rehabilitation potential
Rehabilitation in the ICU
Rehabilitation interventions after discharge from the ICU
Deconditioning and weakness | Cognitive impairment |
ICU–acquired weakness Neuropathy Myopathy Sarcopenia Frailty Medication induced | Dysfunction across multiple domains Impaired decisional capacity/competence |
Psychological disorders | |
Confusion Anxiety Depression Post-traumatic stress Psychosis | |
Feeding and Nutritional Problems | Behavioural |
Oral/dental problems Swallowing disorder Dysphagia Post-intubation damage Reduced intake Anorexia/cachexia Malabsorption Catabolic state | Psychomotor agitation Sleep disorder Negative disposition/reduced compliance Reduced interaction with environment Withdrawal |
Sensory impairment | |
Hearing Vision Taste Smell | |
Skin and Wounds | |
Breakdown Infections Pressure Sores Delayed Healing | |
Inflammatory status | |
Catabolic state Inflammation Ongoing infections Immunocompromised/suppressed | |
Reduced Physiological Reserve | |
Cardiovascular Hemodynamic Pulmonary Endocrine homeostasis Renal Immunological Bone metabolism | |
Functional Decline | |
Immobility Incontinence Dependence in Basic Activities/Function | |
Pain | Procedure related morbidity |
Musculoskeletal system Contractures/Range of movement Prolonged immobility Invasive procedures | IV lines Catheters Drains |
Delirium | |
Associated with previous impairment | |
Predicts subsequent impairment |
Home rehabilitation
Common barriers
Patients Centered | Environmental |
Fatigue | Inadequate availability of rehabilitation therapists |
Weakness | Inadequate availability of rehabilitation equipment |
Pain | Negative perception of rehabilitation by staff members |
Polypharmacy | Inequalities in provision of rehabilitation for very old |
Anxiety/depression | |
Confusion | Organizational |
Agitation | Poor evidence base for this patient population |
Ongoing delirium | Financial constraints |
Pressure sores | Attitudes of Stakeholders and Policy makers |
Lack of Motivation | Local and national health care policy |
Poor compliance | Ethical and cultural norms |
Need for restraints | Ageism |
Family and Caregiver centered | |
Inadequate social support | |
Inadequate family support | |
Caregiver burden and burnout | |
Lack of consensus concerning goals | |
Financial constraints |