Introduction
Materials and methods
Metro and elderly health in Hong Kong study
Variables
Daily mobility
Individual factors
Built environment factors
Data analysis
Results
Descriptive results
Mean (SD) / N (%) | |
---|---|
Individual variables
| |
Gender | |
Male | 273 (36.80) |
Female | 468 (63.20) |
Age | |
65–69 | 129 (17.40) |
70–79 | 383 (51.70) |
80 + | 229 (30.90) |
Monthly income | |
≤ HKD 3500 | 375 (50.60) |
> HKD 3500 | 366 (49.40) |
Education levels | |
Primary or below | 578 (78.10) |
Secondary or above | 162 (21.89) |
Retirement status (Retired) | 730 (98.52) |
Marital status | |
Single
| 326 (43.99) |
Married | 415 (56.01) |
Prevalence of chronic diseases | 614 (82.90) |
Impact on mobility | |
Low | 552 (74.49) |
Moderate and significant | 189 (25.51) |
Depressive symptoms (range = 0–27) | |
Minimal | 513 (69.20) |
Mild to moderate | 228 (30.80) |
Built environment variables
| |
Residential density | 11.5 (0.86) |
Street connectivity | 1.6 (0.10) |
Number of bus stops | 13.7 (9.20) |
Number of recreational facilities | 10.1 (9.30) |
Number of restaurants | 39.9 (41.20) |
Destination mix | 0.6 (0.20) |
Outcome variables
| |
Duration of active travel (before COVID-19) | 174.72 (85.26) |
Duration of active travel (during COVID-19) | 76.95 (53.40) |
Frequency of public transport use (before COVID-19) | 6.14 (2.64) |
Frequency of public transport use (during COVID-19) | 3.96 (2.25) |
Change in duration of active travel | 97.77 (69.27) |
Change in frequency of public transport use | 2.18 (2.43) |
The effects of individual and environmental factors on older adults’ daily mobility before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
Active travel (min) | Public transport use (time) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before COVID-19 (n = 826) | During COVID-19 (n = 741) | Before COVID-19 (n = 826) | During COVID-19 (n = 741) | |||||
Mean (SD) | F | Mean (SD) | F | Mean (SD) | F | Mean (SD) | F | |
Individual variables
| ||||||||
Gender | ||||||||
Male | 159.95 (80.65) | 14.78*** | 80.13 (53.06) | 1.53 | 6.02 (2.59) | 0.93 | 3.90 (2.08) | 0.24 |
Female | 183.74 (88.52) | 75.10 (53.57) | 6.22 (2.66) | 3.98 (2.34) | ||||
Age | ||||||||
65–69 | 191.16 (89.15) | 9.21*** | 73.64 (52.70) | 0.88 | 6.15 (2.75) | 3.91* | 4.01 (2.34) | 1.99 |
70–79 | 180.33 (84.91) | 75.85 (53.27) | 6.37 (2.58) | 4.09 (2.20) | ||||
80 + | 156.88 (84.58) | 80.65 (54.03) | 5.76 (2.63) | 3.72 (2.26) | ||||
Monthly income | ||||||||
≤ HKD 3500 | 166.40 (85.67) | 8.83** | 76.71 (54.54) | 0.02 | 5.95 (2.65) | 4.06* | 3.95 (2.31) | 0.01 |
> HKD 3500 | 184.20 (86.40) | 77.20 (52.28) | 6.34 (2.62) | 3.97 (2.19) | ||||
Education levels | ||||||||
Primary or below | 173.58 (87.23) | 0.96 | 76.74 (52.59) | 0.06 | 5.97 (2.69) | 11.99*** | 3.78 (2.23) | 5.24* |
Secondary or above | 180.73 (83.46) | 77.93 (56.44) | 6.77 (2.36) | 4.56 (2.22) | ||||
Retirement status | ||||||||
Yes | 174.40 (85.49) | 0.66 | 76.71 (53.34) | 0.97 | 6.13 (2.63) | 1.18 | 3.95 (2.25) | 0.54 |
No | 195.45 (68.32) | 92.73 (57.64) | 7 (2.86) | 4.45 (1.86) | ||||
Marital status | ||||||||
Single | 174.06 (87.43) | 0.03 | 76.92 (53.66) | 0.01 | 6.01 (2.61) | 1.60 | 3.73 (2.18) | 5.88** |
Married | 175.23 (83.62) | 76.97 (53.26) | 6.25 (2.66) | 4.13 (2.28) | ||||
Presence of chronic diseases | ||||||||
Yes | 175.80 (87.56) | 0.33 | 77.27 (54.18) | 0.13 | 5.98 (2.65) | 13.80*** | 3.89 (2.23) | 2.92 |
No | 171.21 (80.89) | 75.39 (49.63) | 6.93 (2.46) | 4.27 (2.29) | ||||
Impact on mobility | ||||||||
Minimal | 177.49 (84.31) | 2.29 | 76.92 (53.75) | 0.01 | 6.12 (2.62) | 0.14 | 3.97 (2.24) | 0.02 |
Mild to moderate | 166.62 (87.72) | 77.03 (52.51) | 6.21 (2.68) | 3.94 (2.27) | ||||
Depressive symptoms | ||||||||
Minimal | 185.62 (85.12) | 28.93*** | 76.70 (54.52) | 0.03 | 7.22 (2.17) | 448.39*** | 4.72 (2.07) | 255.93*** |
Mild to moderate | 151.14 (84.74) | 77.50 (50.89) | 3.71 (1.87) | 2.25 (1.59) | ||||
Built environment variables
| ||||||||
Residential density | ||||||||
≤ 11.5 | 171.60 (87.63) | 0.43 | 72.89 (51.17) | 2.78* | 6.03 (2.70) | 0.95 | 3.97 (2.20) | 0.03 |
> 11.5 | 175.71 (84.73) | 79.69 (54.51) | 6.22 (2.62) | 3.94 (2.27) | ||||
Street connectivity | ||||||||
≤ 1.6 | 174.11 (85.72) | 0.21 | 76.37 (55.61) | 0.22 | 6.05 (2.64) | 2.63 | 3.94 (2.23) | 0.08 |
> 1.6 | 177.15 (88.23) | 78.42 (47.52) | 6.39 (2.61) | 3.99 (2.30) | ||||
Number of bus stops | ||||||||
≤ 13.9 | 184.45 (89.07) | 13.88*** | 74.88 (51.49) | 1.38 | 6.07 (2.62) | 0.51 | 4.01 (2.27) | 0.60 |
> 13.9 | 162.07 (80.26) | 79.55 (55.32) | 6.22 (2.67) | 3.88 (2.21) | ||||
Number of recreational facilities | ||||||||
≤ 10 | 177.18 (89.49) | 1.78 | 73.46 (52.76) | 5.63* | 6.13 (2.76) | 0.05 | 4.08 (2.31) | 4.07* |
> 10 | 168.85 (78.99) | 83.19 (53.76) | 6.17 (2.43) | 3.73 (2.11) | ||||
Number of restaurants | ||||||||
≤ 41 | 179.25 (90.49) | 4.30* | 73.62 (51.70) | 4.43* | 6.24 (2.72) | 1.29 | 4.06 (2.22) | 3.69* |
> 41 | 166.53 (77.92) | 82.13 (55.32) | 6.01 (2.53) | 3.79 (2.28) | ||||
Destination mix | ||||||||
≤ 0.6 | 163.48 (81.74) | 4.69* | 71.24 (52.04) | 6.74* | 6.13 (2.59) | 0.01 | 3.85 (2.33) | 0.63 |
> 0.6 | 178.10 (86.99) | 85.40 (54.97) | 6.15 (2.67) | 3.99 (2.21) |
Individual and environmental factors affecting decline in older adults’ daily mobility during the COVID-19 pandemic
Model 0 | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Active travel | Public transport use | Active travel | Public transport use | Active travel | Public transport use | |
Fixed effects
| ||||||
Intercept | 0.02*** (0.01;0.11) | 0.03*** (0.01;0.14) | 0.14* (0.05; 0.47) | 0.42** (0.18; 1.03) | 0.11* (0.07; 0.49) | 0.44 (-0.16; 1.04) |
Individual variables
| ||||||
Female | 0.28*** (0.14; 0.43) | 0.08 (-0.06; 0.22) | 0.27*** (0.13; 0.42) | 0.08 (-0.06; 0.22) | ||
Age | ||||||
65–69 | ||||||
70–79 | -0.13 (-0.33; 0.07) | 0.09 (-0.11; 0.28) | -0.14 (-0.34; 0.06) | 0.08 (-0.12; 0.27) | ||
80 + | -0.33* (-0.55; -0.12) | -0.01 (-0.22; 0.21) | -0.35*** (-0.57; -0.14) | 0.01 (-0.21; 0.22) | ||
Monthly income (> HKD 3500) | 0.12 (-0.01; 0.27) | 0.14* (0.01; 0.28) | 0.14* (-0.01; 0.28) | 0.14* (0.01; 0.28) | ||
Education level (Secondary school or above) | 0.05 (-0.12; 0.23) | -0.05 (-0.23; 0.12) | 0.06 (-0.11; 0.23) | -0.06 (-0.23; 0.12) | ||
Retirement status (Retired) | 0.13 (-0.45; 0.73) | -0.16 (-0.75; 0.42) | 0.13 (-0.45; 0.72) | -0.18 (-0.76; 0.40) | ||
Marital status (Married) | 0.02 (-0.12; 0.17) | -0.10 (-0.25; 0.04) | 0.01 (-0.13; 0.16) | -0.10 (-0.24; 0.04) | ||
Presence of chronic diseases | 0.04 (-0.14; 0.22) | -0.25** (-0.44; -0.07) | 0.01 (-0.16; 0.21) | -0.26** (-0.44; -0.08) | ||
Impact on mobility (Mild to moderate) | -0.10 (-0.26; 0.06) | 0.08 (-0.08; 0.24) | -0.10 (-0.26; 0.06) | 0.09 (-0.07; 0.25) | ||
Depressive symptoms (Mild to moderate) | -0.32*** (-0.47; -0.17) | -0.53*** (-0.68; -0.38) | -0.28*** (-0.43; -0.13) | -0.53*** (-0.67; -0.38) | ||
Built environment variables
| ||||||
Residential density | -0.07* (-0.14; -0.01) | 0.04 (-0.03; 0.11) | ||||
Street connectivity | 0.01 (-0.07; 0.07) | 0.02 (-0.04; 0.15) | ||||
Number of bus stops | -0.17** (-0.28; -0.06) | 0.03 (-0.08; 0.03) | ||||
Number of recreational facilities | 0.06 (-0.44; 0.15) | 0.10* (0.01; 0.20) | ||||
Number of restaurants | 0.01 (-0.09; 0.11) | -0.09 (-0.20; 0.02) | ||||
Destination mix | 0.11** (0.03; 0.18) | -0.01 (-0.09; 0.06) | ||||
Random variance component
| ||||||
Between-group variance | 0.14 (0.07; 0.29) | 0.19 (0.10; 0.35) | 0.13 (0.06; 0.28) | 0.18 (0.10; 0.34) | 0.08 (0.02; 0.43) | 0.14 (0.06; 0.31) |
Within-group variance | 0.99 (0.94; 1.04) | 0.98 (0.93; 1.03) | 0.95 (0.91; 1.01) | 0.94 (0.89; 0.98) | 0.95 (0.90; 0.99) | 0.93 (0.89; 0.98) |
ICC | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
AIC | 2101.24 | 2093.76 | 2068.40 | 2042.37 | 2062.09 | 2047.15 |