Introduction
Materials and methods
Study participants
Study variables
Muscle quality index
Periodontitis
Other covariables
Statistical analysis
Result
Baseline characteristics
Variables | Total sample | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 44.51 (44.08,44.94) | 45.88 (45.13,46.63) | 45.07 (44.21,45.93) | 43.64 (42.68,44.59) | 43.55 (42.57,44.52) | 0.003 |
MQI.total | 3.37 (3.33,3.41) | 2.58 (2.56,2.60) | 3.16 (3.15,3.17) | 3.58 (3.56,3.59) | 4.13 (4.11,4.15) | < 0.0001 |
MQI.arm | 12.58 (12.43,12.73) | 10.17 (10.03,10.32) | 11.91 (11.75,12.08) | 13.28 (13.13,13.44) | 14.82 (14.65,14.99) | < 0.0001 |
MQI.app | 1.73 (1.71,1.75) | 1.33 (1.31,1.34) | 1.62 (1.61,1.63) | 1.84 (1.83,1.85) | 2.12 (2.11,2.13) | < 0.0001 |
poverty | 3.18 (3.02,3.34) | 2.99 (2.85,3.13) | 3.20 (2.99,3.42) | 3.28 (3.07,3.49) | 3.23 (3.00,3.47) | 0.16 |
BMI_kg.m2 | 29.24 (28.84,29.64) | 34.41 (33.76,35.06) | 30.09 (29.52,30.66) | 27.48 (27.08,27.87) | 25.28 (24.98,25.59) | < 0.0001 |
coffee.gram | 344.45 (318.29,370.61) | 292.23 (249.11,335.35) | 355.50 (323.17,387.82) | 370.12 (314.81,425.43) | 355.44 (293.79,417.08) | 0.17 |
Sex, N(%) | < 0.0001 | |||||
Female | 1679 (49.41) | 517 (28.58) | 416 (25.26) | 379 (24.54) | 367 (21.62) | |
Male | 1719 (50.59) | 334 (18.73) | 431 (26.35) | 471 (27.85) | 483 (27.08) | |
Race, N (%) | < 0.0001 | |||||
Mexican American | 420 (12.36) | 112 (24.83) | 101 (24.20) | 99 (24.38) | 108 (26.59) | |
Non-Hispanic Asian | 491 (14.45) | 53 (10.46) | 100 (20.80) | 141 (28.45) | 197 (40.29) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 715 (21.04) | 275 (38.29) | 175 (24.59) | 151 (21.00) | 114 (16.12) | |
Non-Hispanic White | 1379 (40.58) | 311 (22.03) | 366 (26.66) | 360 (27.03) | 342 (24.27) | |
Other | 393 (11.57) | 100 (23.55) | 105 (25.74) | 99 (27.20) | 89 (23.51) | |
Marital status, N(%) | 0.35 | |||||
Living with partner | 276 (8.12) | 70 (22.17) | 69 (28.09) | 66 (22.39) | 71 (27.35) | |
Married | 2633 (77.49) | 629 (22.78) | 661 (26.04) | 664 (26.57) | 679 (24.61) | |
Never married | 489 (14.39) | 152 (29.09) | 117 (23.11) | 120 (26.18) | 100 (21.62) | |
MQI.armQ, N(%) | < 0.0001 | |||||
Q1 | 850 (25.01) | 575 (65.08) | 241 (31.54) | 26( 2.50) | 8( 0.89) | |
Q2 | 847 (24.93) | 197 (21.70) | 326 (38.44) | 274 (33.91) | 50( 5.95) | |
Q3 | 852 (25.07) | 70( 8.49) | 194 (22.79) | 328 (39.37) | 260 (29.34) | |
Q4 | 849 (24.99) | 9( 1.45) | 86 (10.85) | 222 (27.27) | 532 (60.43) | |
MQI.appQ, N(%) | < 0.0001 | |||||
Q1 | 849 (24.99) | 735 (85.71) | 112 (14.14) | 2( 0.15) | 0( 0.00) | |
Q2 | 852 (25.07) | 110 (10.99) | 621 (74.98) | 121 (14.03) | 0( 0.00) | |
Q3 | 847 (24.93) | 5( 0.67) | 111 (13.17) | 626 (73.26) | 105 (12.90) | |
Q4 | 850 (25.01) | 1( 0.04) | 3( 0.17) | 101 (12.73) | 745 (87.05) | |
Periodontitis, N(%) | 0.14 | |||||
No | 2030 (59.74) | 474 (22.67) | 487 (24.43) | 554 (28.38) | 515 (24.52) | |
Mild | 90 (2.65) | 25 (23.71) | 26 (29.27) | 22 (26.12) | 17 (20.90) | |
Moderate | 977 (28.75) | 270 (25.62) | 259 (27.85) | 208 (21.99) | 240 (24.54) | |
Severe | 301 (8.86) | 82 (24.23) | 75 (30.73) | 66 (20.70) | 78 (24.34) | |
CVD, N(%) | 0.13 | |||||
No | 3278 (96.47) | 799 (23.14) | 821 (25.92) | 823 (26.34) | 835 (24.60) | |
Yes | 120 (3.53) | 52 (36.30) | 26 (22.40) | 27 (22.73) | 15 (18.57) | |
CKD, N(%) | 0.02 | |||||
No | 2949 (90.24) | 702 (22.52) | 733 (25.93) | 744 (26.65) | 770 (24.90) | |
Yes | 319 (9.76) | 120 (33.44) | 80 (25.67) | 68 (19.73) | 51 (21.15) | |
Menstrual status, N(%) | 0.49 | |||||
No | 175 (30.49) | 62 (34.02) | 38 (21.77) | 45 (26.31) | 30 (17.89) | |
Yes | 399 (69.51) | 149 (34.21) | 114 (27.83) | 72 (19.66) | 64 (18.30) | |
DM, N(%) | < 0.0001 | |||||
DM | 433 (12.74) | 186 (42.14) | 121 (31.11) | 86 (19.11) | 40( 7.64) | |
IFG | 115 (3.38) | 31 (28.58) | 36 (32.67) | 24 (25.60) | 24 (13.15) | |
IGT | 128 (3.77) | 29 (24.46) | 29 (27.24) | 30 (24.27) | 40 (24.03) | |
No | 2722 (80.11) | 605 (20.94) | 661 (24.80) | 710 (27.24) | 746 (27.02) | |
Hypertension, N(%) | < 0.0001 | |||||
No | 2276 (66.98) | 460 (19.71) | 541 (24.52) | 615 (28.61) | 660 (27.16) | |
Yes | 1122 (33.02) | 391 (31.66) | 306 (28.56) | 235 (21.18) | 190 (18.60) | |
Smoke, N(%) | 0.1 | |||||
Former | 678 (19.96) | 165 (21.37) | 183 (29.80) | 177 (27.95) | 153 (20.89) | |
Never | 1961 (57.73) | 509 (24.47) | 493 (25.81) | 485 (25.38) | 474 (24.34) | |
Now | 758 (22.31) | 177 (23.32) | 171 (21.50) | 187 (26.65) | 223 (28.52) | |
Alcohol user, N(%) | 0.48 | |||||
Never | 394 (12.17) | 121 (31.10) | 98 (23.81) | 79 (21.88) | 96 (23.21) | |
Former | 412 (12.73) | 110 (21.85) | 94 (26.27) | 108 (25.83) | 100 (26.05) | |
Mild | 1129 (34.88) | 260 (22.36) | 291 (26.70) | 307 (27.61) | 271 (23.34) | |
Moderate | 586 (18.1) | 141 (22.72) | 158 (26.75) | 135 (25.00) | 152 (25.52) | |
Heavy | 716 (22.12) | 184 (24.44) | 165 (24.14) | 185 (27.59) | 182 (23.83) | |
Educational level, N(%) | 0.04 | |||||
Less than 9th grade | 182 (5.36) | 42 (20.01) | 47 (27.73) | 46 (27.03) | 47 (25.23) | |
9-11th grade | 388 (11.42) | 106 (26.85) | 85 (21.35) | 86 (23.48) | 111 (28.32) | |
High School graduate | 710 (20.89) | 192 (26.92) | 169 (23.26) | 168 (23.19) | 181 (26.63) | |
Some college or AA degree | 1032 (30.37) | 294 (25.76) | 263 (27.04) | 252 (26.40) | 223 (20.80) | |
College graduate or above | 1086 (31.96) | 217 (19.29) | 283 (27.10) | 298 (28.37) | 288 (25.23) |
Association between MQI and periodontitis
Exposure | Non-adjusted | Adjust I | Adjust II |
---|---|---|---|
MQItotal | 0.84 (0.75, 0.94) 0.0025 | 0.85 (0.74, 0.97) 0.0176 | 0.69 (0.53, 0.91) 0.0078 |
MQIapp | 0.69 (0.56, 0.86) 0.0008 | 0.75 (0.58, 0.96) 0.0244 | 0.49 (0.30, 0.80) 0.0049 |
MQIarm | 0.88 (0.85, 0.91) < 0.0001 | 0.96 (0.92, 0.99) 0.0249 | 0.90 (0.84, 0.97) 0.0036 |
MQItotal quartile | |||
Q1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Q2 | 0.92 (0.75, 1.12) 0.4022 | 1.01 (0.80, 1.27) 0.9322 | 0.75 (0.49, 1.17) 0.2075 |
Q3 | 0.67 (0.55, 0.82) 0.0001 | 0.74 (0.59, 0.94) 0.0146 | 0.68 (0.43, 1.06) 0.0884 |
Q4 | 0.82 (0.67, 1.00) 0.0539 | 0.86 (0.67, 1.09) 0.2070 | 0.57 (0.36, 0.91) 0.0177 |
MQIarm quartile | |||
Q1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Q2 | 0.73 (0.60, 0.89) 0.0018 | 0.83 (0.66, 1.04) 0.1097 | 0.66 (0.43, 1.00) 0.0480 |
Q3 | 0.59 (0.48, 0.72) < 0.0001 | 0.77 (0.61, 0.97) 0.0280 | 0.56 (0.36, 0.87) 0.0098 |
Q4 | 0.44 (0.36, 0.54) < 0.0001 | 0.75 (0.58, 0.96) 0.0208 | 0.48 (0.30, 0.78) 0.0034 |
MQIapp quartile | |||
Q1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Q2 | 0.91 (0.75, 1.11) 0.3748 | 1.07 (0.85, 1.35) 0.5625 | 0.91 (0.59, 1.41) 0.6763 |
Q3 | 0.72 (0.59, 0.88) 0.0012 | 0.79 (0.62, 1.00) 0.0485 | 0.62 (0.40, 0.97) 0.0357 |
Q4 | 0.74 (0.61, 0.91) 0.0037 | 0.83 (0.65, 1.06) 0.1279 | 0.54 (0.34, 0.85) 0.0076 |
Outcome | Periodontitis (OR, 95%CI, P) |
---|---|
Fitting by weighted linear regression model | 0.84 (0.75, 0.94) 0.0025 |
Fitting by weighted two-piecewise linear regression mode | |
Inflection point | 3.64 |
< 3.64 | 0.69 (0.58, 0.82) < 0.0001 |
≥ 3.64 | 1.27 (0.95, 1.72) 0.1109 |
Log likelihood ratio test | 0.003 |
Variables | 95% CI | P | P for interaction |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | 0.31 | ||
Female | 0.728 (0.580,0.913) | 0.008 | |
Male | 0.831 (0.697,0.991) | 0.040 | |
Race | 0.269 | ||
Mexican American | 0.742 (0.514,1.072) | 0.107 | |
Non-Hispanic Asian | 1.089 (0.861,1.377) | 0.462 | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 1.086 (0.851,1.386) | 0.493 | |
Non-Hispanic White | 0.871 (0.678,1.119) | 0.270 | |
Other | 0.741 (0.528,1.042) | 0.082 | |
Marital status | 0.008 | ||
Living with partner | 1.417 (0.983,2.043) | 0.061 | |
Married | 0.864 (0.713,1.046) | 0.129 | |
Never married | 0.606 (0.444,0.828) | 0.003 | |
CVD | 0.190 | ||
No | 0.857 (0.727,1.011) | 0.066 | |
Yes | 1.318 (0.698,2.488) | 0.376 | |
CKD | 0.294 | ||
No | 0.902 (0.782,1.040) | 0.149 | |
Yes | 0.731 (0.481,1.111) | 0.137 | |
DM | 0.225 | ||
DM | 1.182 (0.717,1.950) | 0.500 | |
IFG | 1.352 (0.652,2.802) | 0.402 | |
IGT | 0.532 (0.233,1.216) | 0.128 | |
No | 0.886 (0.742,1.057) | 0.172 | |
Hypertension | 0.372 | ||
No | 0.845 (0.701,1.018) | 0.075 | |
Yes | 0.980 (0.734,1.308) | 0.885 | |
Smoke | 0.100 | ||
Never | 0.727 (0.583,0.906) | 0.006 | |
Former | 0.696 (0.460,1.054) | 0.085 | |
Now | 1.050 (0.795,1.386) | 0.723 | |
Alcohol user | 0.042 | ||
Never | 0.905 (0.604,1.357) | 0.618 | |
Former | 1.068 (0.753,1.515) | 0.704 | |
Mild | 0.616 (0.457,0.829) | 0.002 | |
Moderate | 1.006 (0.730,1.386) | 0.970 | |
Heavy | 0.845 (0.658,1.086) | 0.182 | |
Education level | 0.055 | ||
Less than 9th grade | 0.912 (0.484,1.717) | 0.765 | |
9-11th grade | 1.152 (0.773,1.718) | 0.474 | |
High School graduate | 1.039 (0.792,1.362) | 0.778 | |
Some college or AA degree | 0.665 (0.503,0.877) | 0.005 | |
College graduate or above | 0.756 (0.589,0.970) | 0.029 | |
Age | 0.449 | ||
30–39 | 0.853 (0.641,1.135) | 0.266 | |
40–49 | 0.839 (0.644,1.093) | 0.185 | |
50–59 | 1.026 (0.805,1.307) | 0.832 | |
Family poverty-income ratio (PIR) | 0.166 | ||
High income | 0.733 (0.516,1.040) | 0.080 | |
Low income | 1.068 (0.875,1.302) | 0.507 | |
Middle income | 0.864 (0.677,1.103) | 0.231 | |
BMI (kg.m2) | 0.091 | ||
< 25 | 1.406 (0.942,2.100) | 0.093 | |
> = 30 | 0.797 (0.581,1.092) | 0.152 | |
25–30 | 0.926 (0.668,1.283) | 0.634 |