Introduction
Methods
Study design & data sources
Setting & participants
Characteristics of the participants
Variables/measurement
Metabolic syndrome assessment
Oral hygiene assessment
Anthropometric measures
Socioeconomic status (SES) assessment
Statistical analysis
Results
General characteristics of participants
MetS | P -value | ||
---|---|---|---|
No (n = 9894) | Yes (n = 5112) | ||
N(%)
|
N(%)
| ||
Gender
| *<0.001 | ||
Male | 4992(50%) | 1720(33.6%) | |
Female | 4902(49.5%) | 3392(66.4%) | |
Education level
| *<0.001 | ||
Illiterate | 1300(13.1%) | 1204(23.6%) | |
Primary school | 3818(38.6%) | 2043(40%) | |
Diploma | 3780(38.2%) | 1556(30.4%) | |
University | 996(10.1%) | 309(6%) | |
Quintiles of wealth index
| < 0.001 | ||
1(poorest) | 2183(22.1) | 1297(25.4) | |
2 | 1578(15.9) | 953(18.6) | |
3 | 2033(20.5) | 1023(20) | |
4 | 2176(22) | 949(18.6) | |
45 (richest) | 1924(19.4) | 890(17.4) | |
Current smoking status
| *<0.001 | ||
No smoker | 7262(73.4%) | 4139(81%) | |
Ex-Smoker | 852(8.6%) | 394(7.7%) | |
Smoker | 1582(16%) | 497(9.7%) | |
Smoker other tobacco products (water pipe, hookah,pipe,.) | 198(2%) | 82(1.6%) | |
Mean ± SD
|
Mean ± SD
| ||
Age(years)
| 48.28 ± 9.11 | 52.29 ± 9.02 | **<0.001 |
Weight (kg)
| 73.14 ± 12.81 | 81.23 ± 13.70 | **<0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm)
| 90.8 ± 10.56 | 101.08 ± 9.55 | **<0.001 |
BMI (kg/m
2
)
| 27.45 ± 4.57 | 31.51 ± 4.47 | **<0.001 |
DMFT and oral hygiene
MetS | *P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|
No (n = 9894) | Yes (n = 5112) | ||
Mean ± SD
|
Mean ± SD
| ||
DMFT
Median (Min- Max) | 20.81 ± 8.94 20 (0–32) | 22.15 ± 8.89 22 (0–32) | **<0.001 |
Teeth number
Median (Min- Max) | 15.37 ± 11.0 19(0–32) | 13.35 ± 11.17 16(0–32) | **<0.001 |
DMFT components
| |||
Decayed Teeth
Median (Min- Max) | 2.30 ± 3.76 0(0–32) | 2.04 ± 3.40 0(0–32) | **<0.001 |
Missing Teeth
Median (Min- Max) | 16.08 ± 11.18 13(0–32) | 18.13 ± 11.30 15(0–32) | **<0.001 |
Filled Teeth
Median (Min- Max) | 2.44 ± 3.74 0(0–29) | 1.99 ± 3.55 0(0–25) | **<0.001 |
Frequency of tooth brushing
| ***<0.001 | ||
At least once a day
| 3156(31.9) | 1359(26.6) | |
Unregularly
| 1790(18.1) | 872(17.1) | |
Has denture
| 3227(32.6) | 2049(40.1) | |
Do not brush
| 1721(17.4) | 832(16.3) | |
Using mouth wash
| ***0.47 | ||
NO
| 9624(97.3) | 4974(97.3) | |
Yes
| 270(2.7) | 138(2.7) | |
Use of dental floss
| ***0.03 | ||
At least once a day
| 777(44.1) | 302(40.1) | |
Less than once a day
| 9117(92.1) | 4810(94.1) |
Frequency tooth brushing (times/day) | Use of dental floss | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
At least once a day
|
Unregularly
|
Has denture
|
Do not brush
| *P -value |
At least once a day
|
Less than once a day
| **P -value | |
mean ± SD | mean ± SD | mean ± SD | mean ± SD | mean ± SD | mean ± SD | |||
Weight (kg)
| 75.37 ± 12.98 | 78.91 ± 13.70 | 73.40 ± 13.30 | 78.85 ± 14.62 | < 0.001 | 75.50 ± 12.87 | 75.93 ± 13.77 | 0.31 |
Hip circumference (cm)
| 105.06 ± 8.45 | 105.76 ± 8.69 | 103.24 ± 8.85 | 104.69 ± 9.03 | < 0.001 | 104.79 ± 8.13 | 104.46 ± 8.84 | 0.22 |
Waist circumference (cm)
| 92.44 ± 10.72 | 95.42 ± 11.06 | 94.63 ± 11.52 | 95.69 ± 11.84 | < 0.001 | 92.12 ± 10.42 | 94.46 ± 11.38 | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m
2
)
| 28.66 ± 4.60 | 29.42 ± 4.88 | 28.58 ± 5.03 | 29.04 ± 5.24 | < 0.001 | 28.29 ± 4.48 | 28.87 ± 4.95 | < 0.001 |
SBP (mmHg)
| 110.35 ± 15.91 | 111.99 ± 16.01 | 116.71 ± 17.94 | 115.34 ± 17.15 | < 0.001 | 108.30 ± 14.38 | 114.15 ± 17.22 | < 0.001 |
DBP (mmHg)
| 72.45 ± 9.67 | 73.40 ± 9.71 | 73.77 ± 9.67 | 74.66 ± 10.06 | < 0.001 | 71.68 ± 9.30 | 73.60 ± 9.80 | < 0.001 |
Cholesterol (mg/dl)
| 190.01 ± 38.25 | 191.53 ± 39.80 | 197.97 ± 41.42 | 189.20 ± 39.94 | < 0.001 | 189.08 ± 38.75 | 193.24 ± 40.21 | 0.001 |
TG(mg/dl)
| 146.81 ± 78.28 | 157.07 ± 86.10 | 148.09 ± 83.25 | 153.62 ± 95.84 | < 0.001 | 148.63 ± 81.29 | 150.36 ± 84.95 | 0.51 |
FBS (mg/dl)
| 93.87 ± 26.40 | 97.53 ± 30.22 | 103.23 ± 35.81 | 101.52 ± 35.08 | < 0.001 | 91.77 ± 25.05 | 99.68 ± 32.79 | < 0.001 |
HDL-C(mg/dl)
| 46.06 ± 10.60 | 44.96 ± 10.47 | 47.38 ± 11.44 | 44.16 ± 10.51 | < 0.001 | 45.88 ± 11.02 | 46.02 ± 10.92 | 0.68 |
LDL (mg/dl)
| 114.56 ± 32.66 | 115.28 ± 33.94 | 121.07 ± 35.37 | 114.45 ± 34.43 | < 0.001 | 113.73 ± 33.60 | 117.20 ± 34.33 | 0.001 |
Oral and dental risk factors of MetS
frequency of tooth brushing | Use of dental floss | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
At least once a day | Unregularly | Has denture | Do not brush | At least once a day | Less than once a day | |
OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | |
MetS
| ||||||
Unadjusted | Reference | 1.13(1.02–1.25) | 1.47(1.35–1.60) | 1.12(1.01–1.24) | Reference | 1.35(1.18–1.55) |
Abdominal obesity
| ||||||
Unadjusted | Reference | 1.00(0.91–1.10) | 1.16(1.07–1.25) | 0.77(0.70–0.85) | Reference | 1.17(1.03–1.32) |
High blood pressure
| ||||||
Unadjusted | Reference | 1.09(0.97–1.22) | 2.25(2.06–2.46) | 1.40(1.25–1.56) | Reference | 1.86(1.60–2.17) |
Hyperglycemia
| ||||||
Unadjusted | Reference | 1.28(1.15–1.43) | 2.00(1.82–2.18) | 1.69(1.52–1.89) | Reference | 1.88(1.61–2.20) |
Low HDL-c
| ||||||
Unadjusted | Reference | 0.89(0.81–0.98) | 0.72(0.66–0.78) | 0.75(0.68–0.82) | Reference | 0.82(0.73–0.93) |
Hypertriglyceridemia
| ||||||
Unadjusted | Reference | 1.19(1.08–1.31) | 0.97(0.89–1.05) | 1.02(0.92–1.13) | Reference | 0.89(0.78–1.01) |