Introduction
Methods
Protocol registration
Selection criteria
Search strategy
Title/abstract screening
Full-text screening
Manual search
Data extraction process
Quality and risk of bias assessment
Data analysis
Results
Study characteristics
Author/year/country | Date of survey | N | Target population | Outcome measures | Acceptance rates | Predictors of acceptance | Predictors of hesitance | Quality |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Longchamps/2021/ France [10] | May 2—June 28 2020 | 235 | Homeless shelters | Acceptance: “If a vaccine existed would you be willing to get vaccinated?” | 59.15% | 1, Being women 2, Living with partners 3, Having legal residence 4, Having low health literacy | Good | |
Hsu/2021/USA [23] | August 7—September 17 2020 | 78 | Young PEH | Acceptance: “When COVID-19 vaccine is available, how interested would you be in taking the vaccine?” in 7-level scale Attitudes: Respondents were asked their level of agreement on whether they believed the potential COVID-19 vaccine would (1) be necessary to protect their health, (2) do a good job to stop the COVID-19 spread, and (3) be safe | 56.41% | Fair | ||
Swendeman/2022/USA [33] | October 2020 | 153 | Young PEH | Acceptance: “What is the likelihood that you will get a COVID-19 vaccination when it is available?”, on a 5-level scale (‘Very likely’, ‘Likely’, ‘Somewhat likely’, ‘Not likely’, or ‘Refuse to answer/don’t know’) Attitudes: VHS | 51.63% | Fair | ||
Knight/2021/USA [11] | July—October 2020 | 91 | PEH | Interview by telephone | 1, Return to regular life 2, Wait until other take the vaccine | 1, Need more data of vaccine 2, Negative experiences with other vaccines 3, Mistrust in government | Poor | |
Iacoella/2021/Italy [39] | February 1—February 15 2021 | 112 | PEH | Acceptance: Would you be willing to be vaccinated against COVID-19? | 64.29% | 1, Being female | Poor | |
Meehan/2022/USA [27] | February 9 – February 23 2021 | 106 | Homeless shelters | Attitudes: open-ended questions | 57.55% | 1, Protect own health 2, Protect others 3, Resume travel and social activities | 1, Side effects concerns 2, Vaccine is being new 3, Human experiments 4, Don’t trust medical field | Fair |
Kuhn/2021/USA [25] | December—February 26 2021 | 90 | PEH | Acceptance: respondents were asked if they would take the vaccine if they were offered it, with possible responses of “yes,” “no” or “prefer not to answer Attitudes: could not determine | 52.22% | 1, Trusting COVID-19 information from the official sources | 1, Having lower COVID-19 threat index scores 2, Highly engage in protective behaviors 3, Trusting personal contacts for COVID-19 information | Fair |
Rogers/2022/USA [31] | November 1—February 28 2021 | 672 | Homeless shelters | Acceptance: “Once a vaccine against COVID-19 becomes available to you, do you plan to get it?” | 53.72% | 1, Higher level of educational attainment 2, Receiving Influenza vaccine before | 1, BeingMultiracial 2, Being Black/African American 3, Being female 4, Safety concerns 5, Need more information 6, Not afraid of COVID-19 | Good |
Rodriguez/2021/USA [30] | December 20—March 7 2021 | 84 | Homeless patients visited emergency departments | Acceptance: “Would you accept the COVID19 vaccine when it becomes available?” | 63.10% | Good | ||
Gin/2022/USA [22] | January—April 2021 | 20 | Homelessness veterans | Semi-structured interviews | 70% | 1, Protect own health 2, Protect other 3, Used to get vaccines in military | 1, Vaccines were not tested enough 2, Long-term side effects concerns 3, Mistrust in government | Fair |
Abramovich/2022/Canada [40] | January—June 2021 | 91 | Youth LGBT + PEH | An adapted version of the Vaccination Attitudes Examination Scale [43] | 63.74% | 1, Being White | 1, Being Black 2, Being racialized versus non-racialized | Good |
Meehan/2022/USA [26] | March—June 2021 | 864 | Homeless unshelters | A questionnaire template with over 20 questions to assess COVID-19 vaccine uptake, intention, and associated factors | 53.82% | 1, Having underlying medical conditions 2, Having previous COVID-19 illness 3, Received health information from hospitals/health centers, religious leaders, and multimedia news sources 4, Protect own health 5, Protect health of family or friends | 1, Vaccine was new 2, Received health information from the social media 3, Need more information 4, Side effects concerns 5, Human experiments concerns | Good |
Balut/2022/USA [17] | January—April 2021 and July—August 2021 | Healthcare and housing service providers’ perspectives of homeless veterans | semi-structured interviews | 1, Distrust and cynicism 2, Long vaccine appointment scheduling process 3, Mandating vaccination | Fair | |||
Cox/2022/USA [19] | March 2020—August 2 2021 | 98 | Homeless shelters | Self-report their perceived risk of COVID-19 and intent to receive a COVID-19 vaccine across four different seasonal time point Change intent over time: “Overall, how have your feelings about getting a COVID-19 vaccine changed since beginning of the pandemic (Spring 2020)?” | 74.23% | 1, Vaccine was safe 2, Vaccine was effective in preventing COVID-19 3, Encouragement from family/friends | 1, Mistrust in government and healthcare providers 2, Side effects concerns | Good |
Tucker/2022/USA [34] | March—October 2021 | 125 | Young PEH | Acceptance: participants indicated whether they had gotten the COVID-19 vaccine (yes, no) and rated how much they agreed/disagreed with the following two statements: If the COVID-19 vaccine were available to me now (a year from now), I would get the vaccine (1 strongly disagree to 4 strongly agree) | 50.4% | 1, Being LGBTQ young adults | Good | |
Finnigan/2022/USA [20] | September 27 -October 8 2021 | 289 | PEH | Acceptance: “Have you received a COVID-19 vaccine?” if the answer was no then there was another question "Do you plan to get vaccinated for COVID-19?”, with answer choices consisting of definitely getting a vaccine, probably getting a vaccine, unsure about getting a vaccine, probably NOT getting a vaccine, and definitely NOT getting a vaccine | 74.73% | 1, Side effects concerns 2, Did not trust COVID-19 vaccine 3, Did not trust the government | Fair | |
Currie/2022/Australia [37] | 23 September and 28 October 2021 | 49 | PEH | Semi-structured interviews of people who already accepted the vaccine | 1, Important to own health 2, Important to community health 3, Someone told to get vaccine 4, Visit loved ones | Fair | ||
Rosen/2022/USA [32] | May—November 2021 | 4949 | PEH | Acceptance: unvaccinated participants were asked if they wanted to get vaccinated and answered yes, no, or not yet Attitudes: list of 13 reasons for vaccine readiness and hesitancy | 75.57% | 1, $50 gift card 2, Protecting other 3, Outreach staff recommended it | 1, Not a top priority 2, Not a afraid of COVID-19 3, Safety concerns 4, Side effects concerns | Fair |
Roederer/2022/France [16] | November 15 -December 22 2021 | 3690 | Migrants, homeless shelters, and homeless unshelters | Acceptance: COVID-19 vaccination status was verified via the national vaccine certificate – and interviews for further information | 89.26% | 1, Protect own health 2, Protect others 3, Vaccine certificate as the motivation (continue to work, travel, etc.) | 1, Side effects concerns 2, Fear of injection/serious disease 3, Skepticism about vaccine effectiveness | Good |
Grune/2023/Germany [42] | August—April 2022 | 20 | PEH | Semi-structured interviews | 1, High risk perception of COVID-19 2, Protect others 3, Continue with normal life 4, Vaccine was effective and safe | 1, Side effects concerns 2, Mistrust in government/health systems | Fair | |
Polla/2022/Italy [38] | June and October 2022 | 313 | PEH | 5 section questionnaire: sociodemographic, knowledge about COVID-19, attitudes and beliefs, and COVID-19 vaccination and the reasons for the decision | 88.18% | 1, Being older 2, Higher knowledge of COVID-19 3, Perceived themselves as a higher risk of the disease | 1, Side effects concerns | Good |
Author/year/country | Kinds of vaccine | Date of survey | N | Target population | Outcome measures | Acceptance rate | Key findings | Quality |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gennaro/2021/USA [21] | 7-vaccine series for children | February 2018 and October 2019 | 135 children of participants | PEH who have children | Parental vaccine concerns were assessed using items with binary responses | More than one-half (57%) of the participants reported at least 1 concern about childhood vaccines, with 28.1% having 1–2 concerns, 16.3% having 3–4 concerns, and 13.3% having 5 or more concerns | Good | |
Buechler/2020/USA [18] | Hepatitis A | Early fall and summer of 2018 | 44 | PEH | 1. Hesitancy: WorldHealth Organization and the SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy [44] 2. Attitudes: Quantitative Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scale [45] | 70.45% | Those who hesitated to receive a vaccine cited beliefs in the danger of materials in the vaccines, such as metals or viruses, or the uselessness of vaccines. The only reason given by clients that had outright refused a vaccine was mistrust of the intentions of the provider or manufacturer | Fair |
Poulos/2010/Australia [36] | Hepatitis A and B | June 24 2003—February 10 2005 | 201 | Clients attending a medical clinic for homeless | Accept to participate in the vaccination program | Of those with the potential to benefit from vaccination, two clients with unknown immunity and 14 clients known to be non-immune to hepatitis A, B or both, either declined vaccination or did not return | Poor | |
Partida/2022/USA [29] | Hepatitis A and B | August 1 2018—January 30 2021 | 86 | Homeless shelters | Documentation the proportion of eligible participants who received HAV and HBV vaccination during the vaccine program | Hepatitis A: 53.49% Hepatitis B: 72.09% | Before HCV education, 77.4% of participants felt that it was a “good idea for people living with HCV to be vaccinated against HAV and HBV,” and following education 91.3% agreed with this statement | Fair |
Kaplan- Weisman/2018/USA [24] | Herpes Zoster (Shingles) | February 2015—December 2017 | 84 | Homeless shelters ≥ 60 years of age | Accept the vaccine offer during 30-min talk on Zoster vaccine | 48.81% | Among 84 participants, 41 accepted the vaccine (include 4 already vaccinated), 39 declined | Good |
Story/2014/England [41] | Influenza | July—August 2012 | 190 | Homeless shelters | Could not determine | 73.16% | Among 190 eligible people, 73.16% said they would accept vaccine if offered | Good |
Nougaire`de/2010/France [35] | Influenza | December 20 2009 | 250 | Homeless shelters | Accept to participate in the vaccination program | 46.80% | 46.8% of the 250 homeless persons present at the shelter being vaccinated during the one-day campaign | Poor |
Metcalfe/2014/USA [28] | Influenza | 87 | Homeless shelters | 1, “Have you ever gotten a flu shot?” 2, “Do you plan to get a flu shot this fall?” | 47.13% | 47% of the respondents agreed to get a flu shot and 53% weren't planning to take it | Poor |
Prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance
Covariate | Coefficient β (SE) | z | 95% CI | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Time interval (in day) | 0.0024 (0.0007) | 3.51 | 0.0011, 0.0038 | 0.0004 |
Intercept | -0.1494 (0.2699) | -0.55 | -0.6785, 0.3796 | 0.5799 |