Introduction
Materials and methods
Design and registration
Search strategy
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Data extraction
Quality assessment
Statistical analyses
Results
Literature screening process and results
Basic characteristics of the included studies
No. | First author, year | Study period | Study design | Study setting | Region (province/ autonomous region) | Sample size | HIV/TB co-infection | Prevalence | Detection rate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Bao, 2010 [26] | 2007.10-2008.10 | Cross-sectional | Population-based | Hunan | 2139 | 94 | 4.39% | - |
2 | Cao, 2021 [55] | 2014.1.1-2019.12.31 | Cross-sectional | Hospital-based | Anhui | 2084 | 24 | 1.15% | 97.52% |
3 | Chen, 2009 [27] | 2007 | Cross-sectional | Population-based | Zhejiang | 577 | 33 | 5.72% | 91.44% |
4 | Chen, 2017 [54] | 2012.10-2013.8 | Cross-sectional | Population-based | Guangxi | 2987 | 143 | 4.80% | 99.5% |
5 | Cheng, 2011 [28] | 2006.9-2007.2 | Cross-sectional | Hospital-based | Henan, Yunnan, Sichuan and Guangxi | 3897 | 250 | 6.44% | - |
6 | Chu, 2010 [29] | 2007 | Cross-sectional | Population-based | Henan | 390 | 7 | 1.79% | 100% |
7 | Cui, 2022 [52] | 2019–2021 | Cohort | Hospital-based | Guangxi | 4539 | 36 | 0.80% | 100% |
8 | Feng, 2013 [31] | 2007.1-2010.12 | Cross-sectional | Population-based | Hubei | 381 | 37 | 9.71% | 86.8% |
9 | He, 2014 [32] | 2007.1.31-2012.12.31 | Cross-sectional | Hospital-based | Guangxi | 2377 | 96 | 4.04% | - |
10 | Huang, 2014 [33] | 2007–2011 | Cross-sectional | Population-based | Jiangxi | 1659 | 105 | 6.33% | 95% |
11 | Li, 2010 [34] | 2007.1.1-2010.6.30 | Cross-sectional | Population-based | Xinjiang | 19,453 | 2104 | 10.82% | 85.34% |
12 | Li, 2015 [35] | 2012–2014 | Cross-sectional | Hospital-based | Xinjiang | 1195 | 91 | 7.60% | 83% |
13 | Liu, 2014 [36] | 2007–2011 | Cross-sectional | Population-based | Hubei | 404 | 5 | 1.24% | 100% |
14 | Lv, 2019 [37] | 2011.1-2017.12 | Case–control | Hospital-based | Sichuan | 1366 | 127 | 9.30% | 100% |
15 | Mai, 2017 [51] | 2006.11-2011.12 | Cross-sectional | Hospital-based | Xinjiang | 3032 | 333 | 11% | 100% |
16 | Mei, 2010 [38] | 2007–2008 | Cross-sectional | Population-based | Henan | 390 | 50 | 12.82% | 94.36% |
17 | Nie, 2018 [56] | 2004–2015 | Case–control | Population-based | Chongqing | 19,512 | 1109 | 5.68% | 95.66% |
18 | Pan, 2010 [39] | 2006–2008 | Cross-sectional | Hospital-based | Guizhou | 2709 | 168 | 6.20% | - |
19 | Pan, 2022 [53] | 2015–2020 | Cross-sectional | Population-based | Chongqing | 850 | 46 | 5.41% | 92.79% |
20 | Qian, 2009 [40] | 2007 | Cross-sectional | Hospital-based | Shanxi | 195 | 9 | 4.69% | 83% |
21 | Qu, 2014 [41] | 2007.10-2011.12 | Cross-sectional | Hospital-based | Guangxi | 859 | 71 | 8.27% | 88.65% |
22 | Rong, 2014 [42] | 2007.1-2011.9 | Cross-sectional | Hospital-based | Anhui | 1183 | 27 | 2.28% | 100% |
23 | Wang, 2010 [43] | 2006.9.30-2009.10.1 | Cross-sectional | Population-based | Shandong | 200 | 6 | 3.00% | 97.56% |
24 | Xu, 2009 [44] | 2006.10.1-2008.9.30 | Cross-sectional | Population-based | Guangxi | 10,016 | 1010 | 10.08% | 64.47% |
25 | Xu, 2016 [45] | 2002.12.16-2012.6.30 | Cross-sectional | Population-based | Hunan | 205 | 19 | 9.27% | 97.62% |
26 | Yin, 2012 [46] | 2006.10.1-2010.12.31 | Cross-sectional | Hospital-based | Hubei | 1409 | 21 | 1.49% | 92.64% |
27 | Yin, 2013 [47] | 2011.1-2012.6 | Cross-sectional | Population-based | Guangdong | 208 | 14 | 6.70% | 14.4% |
28 | Yuan, 2015 [48] | 2010–2013 | Cross-sectional | Hospital-based | Guizhou | 6071 | 697 | 11.48% | 86.74% |
29 | Zhang, 2007 [49] | 2006.6-2006.7 | Cross-sectional | Population-based | Shanxi | 390 | 36 | 9.23% | 82.63% |
30 | Zhang, 2015 [50] | 2011–2013 | Cross-sectional | Population-based | Zhejiang | 3534 | 45 | 1.27% | 95.67% |
Prevalence of HIV/TB co-infection
Subgroup analysis and meta-regression analysis
Variable | No. of studies | Heterogeneity | Prevalence, % (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
I² (%) | P-value | |||
Sample size | ||||
≥ 1000 | 18 | 99.5 | P < 0.001 | 5.8 (4.0, 7.6) |
< 1000 | 12 | 91.2 | P < 0.001 | 6.3 (4.3, 8.3) |
Publication period | ||||
2007–2013 | 14 | 98.4 | P < 0.001 | 6.6 (4.4, 8.7) |
2014–2022 | 16 | 99.0 | P < 0.001 | 5.5 (3.9, 7.1) |
Geographic region | ||||
Eastern China | 5 | 88.6 | P < 0.001 | 4.1 (1.6, 6.5) |
Central China | 10 | 95.5 | P < 0.001 | 5.1 (3.5, 6.8) |
Western China | 14 | 99.5 | P < 0.001 | 7.0 (4.7, 9.3) |
Midwest China | 1 | – | – | 6.4 (5.6, 7.2) |
Detection rate | ||||
100% | 6 | 98.8 | P < 0.001 | 4.4 (1.2, 7.5) |
< 100% | 20 | 99.1 | P < 0.001 | 6.7 (4.9, 8.5) |
Uncertain | 4 | 88.4 | P < 0.001 | 5.3 (4.0, 6.5) |
Study base | ||||
Population | 17 | 98.9 | P < 0.001 | 6.2 (4.4, 8.1) |
Hospital | 13 | 99.0 | P < 0.001 | 5.7 (3.7, 7.8) |
Sensitivity analysis
Publication bias analysis
Risk factors for HIV/TB co-infection
No. | First author, year | Study period | Study design | Risk factors | Protective factors | Quality score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Chen, 2010 [57] | 2007.10.1-2008.10.31 | Case–control | 2, 4 | 1 | 7 |
2 | Chen, 2017 [54] | 2012.10-2013.8 | Cross-sectional | 1, 14 | – | 7 |
3 | Cui, 2017 [30] | 2013–2015 | Case–control | 1 ,2 ,13 | – | 7 |
4 | Fan, 2018 [58] | 2015.9-2016.8 | Case–control | 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 14 | – | 7 |
5 | Fang, 2020 [59] | 2017.1-2019.10 | Cohort | 4 ,7, 10, 11, 13, 14 | 1 | 8 |
6 | He, 2019 [60] | 2007.1.31-2012.12.31 | Cross-sectional | 5, 7, 8, 12 | – | 8 |
7 | Jiang, 2021 [61] | 2014.1-2019.12 | Cross-sectional | 1, 2, 6, 12 | 1 | 7 |
8 | Kou, 2019 [62] | 2012.12-2018.3 | Case–control | 2, 3, 4, 10 | 1 | 7 |
9 | Li, 2014 [63] | 2008–2012 | Cross-sectional | 1, 2, 7, 8, 9 | – | 7 |
10 | Li, 2015 [35] | 2012–2014 | Cross-sectional | 1, 5 | – | 8 |
11 | Lv, 2019 [37] | 2011.1-2017.12 | Case–control | 1, 3, 9 | – | 6 |
12 | Meng, 2017 [64] | 2013.1-2013.12 | Cross-sectional | 1, 5, 6 | – | 7 |
13 | Nie, 2018 [56] | 2004–2015 | Case–control | 1, 5, 7, 11 | – | 7 |
14 | Wang, 2007 [65] | 2005.3-2005.8 | Cross-sectional | 8 | – | 7 |
15 | Xu, 2016 [45] | 2002.12.16-2012.6.30 | Cross-sectional | 6 | – | 8 |
16 | Xu, 2020 [66] | 2015.1-2019.11 | Cross-sectional | 2, 3, 4 | 1 | 7 |
17 | Zhang, 2010 [67] | 2006.8-2008.3 | Cross-sectional | 10 | – | 9 |
18 | Zhou, 2015 [68] | 2010.1-2015.1 | Case–control | 2, 4 | 1 | 6 |
19 | Zhang, 2022 [69] | 2010.1-2020.12 | Case–control | 1, 12 | 1 | 8 |
Risk/protective factors | No. of studies | OR (95% CI) | Z | P-value | Heterogeneity | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P-value | I² (%) | |||||
CD4+ T cell count ≤ 200/µl | 10 | 3.062 (1.999, 4.125) | 5.65 | P < 0.05 | P < 0.001 | 90.3 |
Smoking | 8 | 1.581 (1.299, 1.864) | 10.96 | P < 0.05 | P = 0.29 | 17.7 |
Intravenous drug use | 5 | 1.862 (1.521, 2.202) | 10.72 | P < 0.05 | P = 0.101 | 48.5 |
Unemployment | 5 | 1.720 (1.428, 2.013) | 11.54 | P < 0.05 | P = 0.527 | 0 |
Male sex | 5 | 1.623 (1.395, 1.850) | 13.99 | P < 0.05 | P = 0.753 | 0 |
Senior citizen status | 4 | 1.517 (1.319, 1.714) | 15.06 | P < 0.05 | P = 0.879 | 0 |
Advanced WHO stage | 4 | 2.496 (1.539, 3.452) | 5.12 | P < 0.05 | P = 0.014 | 71.6 |
Low family income | 3 | 1.827 (–1.310, 4.965) | 1.14 | P = 0.254 | P = 0.016 | 82.7 |
Low level of education | 3 | 1.737 (1.205, 2.268) | 6.41 | P < 0.05 | P = 0.446 | 0 |
Presence of other opportunistic infections | 3 | 2.191 (1.666, 2.716) | 8.17 | P < 0.05 | P = 0.452 | 0 |
History of TB | 3 | 1.669 (0.674, 2.663) | 3.29 | P = 0.001 | P = 0.019 | 74.7 |
Engagement in commercial sex | 3 | 2.414 (1.855, 2.972) | 8.47 | P < 0.05 | P = 0.625 | 0 |
Patients aged 30–45 years | 2 | 1.377 (1.037, 1.717) | 7.93 | P < 0.05 | P = 0.125 | 57.6 |
Long history of HIV | 2 | 2.411 (1.766, 3.056) | 7.32 | P < 0.05 | P = 0.309 | 3.2 |
BCG vaccination history | 7 | 0.503 (0.246, 0.759) | 3.84 | P < 0.05 | P < 0.001 | 90.1 |