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Erschienen in: Die Anaesthesiologie 5/2020

19.02.2020 | Anästhetika | Leitthema

Bestandsaufnahme der Lokalanästhetika 2020

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. W. Zink, DEAA, Prof. Dr. T. Steinfeldt, PD Dr. T. Wiesmann

Erschienen in: Die Anaesthesiologie | Ausgabe 5/2020

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Zusammenfassung

Lokalanästhetika haben sich als sichere und zuverlässig wirkende Substanzen in der klinischen Praxis bewährt und die immensen Fortschritte innerhalb der Regionalanästhesie überhaupt erst möglich gemacht. Dabei wird immer deutlicher, dass Lokalanästhetika weit mehr sind als „schlichte“ Natriumkanalinhibitoren, und dass Interaktionen mit einer ganzen Reihe weiterer Ionenkanäle und anderer molekularer Strukturen zur eigentlichen Nervenblockade beitragen. Zusätzlich lassen sich zahlreiche systemische Effekte nachweisen, die z. T. sogar klinisch genutzt werden können. Durch die gleichzeitige Applikation verschiedener Adjuvanzien wie Opioiden, Kortikosteroiden und α2-Rezeptor-Agonisten wird versucht, die Wirkdauer von Lokalanästhetika nach einmaliger Applikation immer weiter zu verlängern, um eine möglichst effektive postoperative Schmerztherapie zu erzielen. Im selben Kontext sind die Entwicklung und die klinische Einführung von ultralang wirkenden, liposomalen Formulierungen zu sehen, die zumindest theoretisch sensible Nervenfasern über mehrere Tage hinweg blockieren. Die kommenden Jahre werden zeigen, ob sich diese Ansätze zu ernstzunehmenden Alternativen zu personal- und kostenintensiven kontinuierlichen Nervenblockaden entwickeln können.
Systemisch-toxische Zwischenfälle im Rahmen der Anwendung von Lokalanästhetika sind mittlerweile extrem seltene, aber noch immer potenziell lebensbedrohliche Ereignisse, die oftmals nach unbeabsichtigter intravasaler Injektion oder ausgeprägter systemischer Resorption entstehen. Daher besteht die wichtigste Präventionsmaßnahme in der langsamen und fraktionierten Applikation dieser Substanzen mit wiederholtem Aspirieren. Kommt es dennoch zu Intoxikationserscheinungen, kann die i.v.-Gabe von 20 %igen Lipidlösungen zusätzlich zu Basismaßnahmen den Therapierfolg erhöhen.
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Metadaten
Titel
Bestandsaufnahme der Lokalanästhetika 2020
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. W. Zink, DEAA
Prof. Dr. T. Steinfeldt
PD Dr. T. Wiesmann
Publikationsdatum
19.02.2020
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Die Anaesthesiologie / Ausgabe 5/2020
Print ISSN: 2731-6858
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-6866
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-020-00740-7

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