Introduction
Methods
Study design
Study participants
Exergame intervention
Control group
Primary outcomes
Adherence, attrition and adverse events
System usability scale (SUS)
Nasa task load index (NASA-TLX) and enjoyment level
Questionnaire regarding usability and safety
Secondary outcomes
Reaction time test (RTT)
Go/no-go test
Gait speed
Trail making test (TMT)
Color word interference test
Short physical performance battery (SPPB)
Timed-up and go (TUG) test
Statistical analysis
Results
Demographics and patient flow
Intervention group | Control group | P-values | |
---|---|---|---|
Number of participants | 19 | 21 | |
Sex, [female:male] | [7:12] | [6:15] | |
Age, years, mean (SD) | 71.89 (9.09) | 72.86 (10.14) | 0.753 |
Parkinson’s disease, % | 84 | 95 | |
MMSE score, mean (SD) | 27.79 (1.55) | 27.57 (2.71) | 0.578 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 25.8 (3.2) | 26.46 (2.55) | 0.484 |
Time between pre- and post-measurement, days, median, (IQR) | 22 (9) | 21 (4) | 0.903 |
Years of education, years, mean (SD) | 13.37 (2.68) | 14.24 (3.67) | 0.395 |
Regularly physically active, % | 68 | 48 | |
Issues with activities of daily living (%) | 68 | 57 | |
Balance issues (%) | 58 | 52 | |
Fall within the last 12 months (%) | 58 | 62 | |
Polypharmacy, % | 89 | 95 | |
Hoehn and yahr grade (median, IQR) | 3 (0.5) | 3 (0) | 0.896 |
Diagnoses since, years (mean, SD) | 7 (6.68) | 12.76 (9.69) | 0.034 |
Dyskinesia (%) | 42 | 38 | |
Fluctuations (%) | 58 | 48 | |
Implanted DBS (%) | 16 | 14 |
Intervention group | N | Control group | N | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-measurement | |||||
MDS-UPDRS II (mean, SD) | 17.00 (6.23) | 15 | 15.06 (5.46) | 16 | 0.37 |
MDS-UPDRS III (mean, SD) | 38.50 (13.62) | 15 | 31.53 (11.98) | 16 | 0.146 |
Levodopa equivalent daily dose, mg (mean, SD) | 851.64 (391.54) | 19 | 900.88 (387.41) | 21 | 0.766 |
Motor fluctuations, on state (%) | 95 | 19 | 86 | 21 | |
Intake of other central nervous medication (%) | 47 | 19 | 43 | 21 | |
Post-measurement | |||||
MDS-UPDRS II (mean, SD) | 13.71 (5.27) | 15 | 12.53 (4.81) | 16 | 0.532 |
MDS-UPDRS III (mean, SD) | 28.36 (10.76) | 15 | 24.12 (8.45) | 16 | 0.242 |
Levodopa equivalent daily dose, mg (mean, SD) | 895.32 (474.09) | 19 | 885.98 (399.41) | 21 | 0.947 |
Motor fluctuations, on state (%) | 95 | 19 | 86 | 21 | |
Intake of other central nervous medication (%) | 47 | 19 | 57 | 21 |
Primary outcomes
The training on the dividat senso was fun | Completely true (13) | Quite true (4) | More or less true (2) | Rather untrue (0) | Completely untrue (0) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I was motivated for the training | Completely true (9) | Quite true (9) | More or less true (1) | Rather untrue (0) | Completely untrue (0) |
I found the games exciting | Completely true (12) | Quite true (3) | More or less true (4) | Rather untrue (0) | Completely untrue (0) |
I found the games diversified | Completely true (14) | Quite true (4) | More or less true (1) | Rather untrue (0) | Completely untrue (0) |
I think that the training on the Dividat Senso helped to improve my coordination (e.g., balance, reaction) | Completely true (6) | Quite true (10) | More or less true (3) | Rather untrue (0) | Completely untrue (0) |
I think that the Training on the Dividat Senso helped to improve my cognitive functions (e.g., memory, concentration) | Completely true (7) | Quite true (10) | More or less true (1) | Rather untrue (0) | Completely untrue (1) |
I would recommend the training on the Dividat Senso to people with coordinative or balance impairments | Completely true (12) | Quite true (4) | More or less true (2) | Rather untrue (0) | Completely untrue (1) |
I would recommend the training on the Dividat Senso to people with cognitive impairments | Completely true (9) | Quite true (9) | More or less true (1) | Rather untrue (0) | Completely untrue (0) |
I would recommend the training on the Dividat Senso to other people in general | Completely true (11) | Quite true (6) | More or less true (2) | Rather untrue (0) | Completely untrue (0) |
How would you rate the frequency of the training sessions (5 × per week)? | Too low (0) | Rather low (2) | Optimal (11) | Rather high (6) | Too high (1) |
How would you rate the duration of the training sessions (approx. 10–15 min)? | Too short (1) | Rather short (4) | Optimal (14) | Rather long (0) | Too long (0) |
How safe did you feel during the trainings? | Very unsafe (1) | Rather unsafe (3) | Not safe nor unsafe (3) | Rather safe (9) | Very safe (3) |
Were you afraid of falling during the training sessions? | Never (16) | Hardly ever (2) | Sometimes (1) | Often (0) | Always (0) |
Which game did you like the most? | Targets (8), Habitats (4), Ski (2), Birds (1), Cloudy (1), Flexi (1), Simple (2), other games (0) | ||||
Which game did you like the least? | Hexagon (5), Snake (4), Habitats (3), Tetris (2), Cloudy (1), Divided (1), Flexi (1), Simon (1), Ski (1), other games (0) | ||||
Which game was the most challenging? | Flexi (5), Hexagon (4), Simon (3), Targets (3), Ski (2), Simple (1), Tetris (1), other games (0) | ||||
Which game was the least challenging? | Simple (10), Cloudy (3), Habitats (2), Birds (1), Flexi (1), Simon (1), Snake (1), other games (0) | ||||
Have you noticed any positive effects (physical, psychological, cognitive) during the training period? | Yes (14) | No (5) | |||
If yes, which positive effects have you noticed? | Reaction (6), balance (5), coordination (5), quickness (5), attention (4), safety (2), motivation to train (1), flexibility (1) |
Secondary outcomes
Outcome measures | Intervention group (IG) | Control group (CG) | Q-value (df), P-value, Effect size (η2) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre-Post | IG-CG | Interaction | |
Normal walking speed (m/s) | 0.91 (0.29) | 1.09 (0.30) | 1.02 (0.29) | 1.13 (0.33) | Q(1,22.92) = 20.47 p < .001***, η2 = 0.47 | Q(1,23.74) = 1.36 p = .257, η2 = 0.05 | Q(1,22.92) = 3.63 p = .069, η2 = 0.14 |
Maximal walking speed (m/s) | 1.35 (0.66) | 1.52 (0.65) | 1.58 (0.65) | 1.67 (0.44) | Q(1,23.76) = 6.70 p = .016*, η2 = 0.22 | Q(1,22.47) = 0.75 p = .397, η2 = 0.03 | Q(1,23.76) = 1.84 p = .187, η2 = 0.07 |
Dual-task walking speed (m/s) | 0.73 (0.39) | 0.87 (0.43) | 0.87 (0.23) | 0.86 (0.33) | Q(1,24.00) = 9.48 p = .005**, η2 = 0.28 | Q(1,22.06) = 1.97 p = .174, η2 = 0.08 | Q(1,24.00) = 4.13 p = .053, η2 = 0.15 |
5xStS (s) | 15.45 (5.73) | 11.42 (5.73) | 13.03 (4.01) | 12.45 (4.88) | Q(1,23.94) = 10.44 p = .004**, η2 = 0.30 | Q(1,21.31) = 0.35 p = .563, η2 = 0.02 | Q(1,23.94) = 7.79 p = .016*, η2 = 0.25 |
SPPB total score | 8.00 (3.00) | 11.00 (2.00) | 10.00 (3.00) | 10.00 (2.00) | Q(1,20.78) = 14.96 p < .001***, η2 = 0.42 | Q(1,24.00) = 0.21 p = .650, η2 = 0.00 | Q(1,20.78) = 11.80 p = .003**, η2 = 0.36 |
TUG (s) | 15.34 (9.29) | 12.85 (5.54) | 13.46 (4.95) | 13.45 (6.13) | Q(1,20.95) = 8.48 p = .008**, η2 = 0.29 | Q(1,21.26) = 0.98 p = .334, η2 = 0.04 | Q(1,20.95) = 4.11 p = .056, η2 = 0.16 |
Go/No-Go average reaction time (ms) | 1188.79(242.90) | 1051.10 (139.43) | 1022.83 (294.54) | 1058.07 (290.20) | Q(1,20.36) = 6.39 p = .020*, η2 = 0.24 | Q(1,20.94) = 1.59 p = .222, η2 = 0.07 | Q(1,20.36) = 7.58 p = .012*, η2 = 0.27 |
RTT average reaction time (ms) | 1587.86 (578.27) | 1284.90 (268.76) | 1253.46 (271.39) | 1339.25 (266.38) | Q(1,19.71) = 9.63 p = .006**, η2 = 0.33 | Q(1,23.73) = 1.41 p = .244, η2 = 0.06 | Q(1,19.71) = 17.98 p < .001***, η2 = 0.48 |
TMT a (s) | 60.37 (41.92) | 51.75 (21.44) | 50.27 (21.11) | 49.94 (39.99) | Q(1,22.98) = 2.40 p = .135, η2 = 0.09 | Q(1,23.00) = 1.03 p = .321, η2 = 0.04 | Q(1,22.98) = 2.40 p = .135, η2 = 0.09 |
TMT b (s) | 189.91 (165.04) | 167.54 (140.31) | 147.87 (113.94) | 132.22 (118.47) | Q(1,23.95) = 5.84 p = .024*, η2 = 0.20 | Q(1,21.87) = 1.93 p = .178, η2 = 0.08 | Q(1,23.95) = 0.03 p = .876, η2 = 0.00 |
D-KEFS 1 time (s) | 45.90 (13.84) | 38.81 (12.78) | 39.16 (12.88) | 36.25 (8.72) | Q(1,17.10) = 25.60 p < .001***, η2 = 0.60 | Q(1,23.26) = 2.06 p = .165, η2 = 0.08 | Q(1,17.10) = 2.15 p = .161, η2 = 0.11 |
D-KEFS 2 time (s) | 30.94 (10.67) | 29.18 (11.43) | 24.66 (8.27) | 25.25 (7.51) | Q(1,19.41) = 0.12 p = .730, η2 = 0.00 | Q(1,20.62) = 3.44 p = .078, η2 = 0.14 | Q(1,19.41) = 6.06 p = .023*, η2 = 0.24 |
D-KEFS 3 time (s) | 94.37 (44.60) | 81.23 (41.33) | 86.16 (28.50) | 78.21 (36.16) | Q(1,17.29) = 6.40 p = .021*, η2 = 0.27 | Q(1,22.32) = 1.10 p = .305, η2 = 0.05 | Q(1,117.29) = 1.22 p = .2848, η2 = 0.07 |
D-KEFS 4 time (s) | 127.33 (68.04) | 100.68 (73.13) | 99.85 (100.63) | 116.13 (94.06) | Q(1,23.98) = 0.40 p = .534, η2 = 0.02 | Q(1,23.58) = 0.00 p = .982, η2 = 0.00 | Q(1,23.98) = 1.07 p = .311, η2 = 0.04 |
Outcome measures | Intervention group (IG) | Control group (CG) |
---|---|---|
Pre–post | Pre–post | |
Normal walking speed | r = 0.71, p < 0.001*** | r = 0.39, p = 0.076 |
Maximal walking speed | r = 0.59, p = 0.008** | r = 0.12, p = 0.609 |
Dual-task walking speed | r = 0.76, p < 0.001*** | r = 0.18, p = 0.432 |
5xStS | r = 0.76, p = 0.001** | r = 0.24, p = 0.312 |
SPPB total score | r = 0.78, p < 0.001*** | r = 0.14, p = 0.619 |
TUG | r = 0.62, p = 0.005** | r = 0.18, p = 0.432 |
Go/No-Go Average reaction time | r = 0.68, p = 0.001** | r = 0.00, p = 0.957 |
RTT average reaction time | r = 0.75, p < 0.001*** | r = 0.07, p = 0.759 |
TMT a | r = 0.48, p = 0.040* | r = 0.12, p = 0.609 |
TMT b | r = 0.55, p = 0.021* | r = 0.25, p = 0.205 |
D-KEFS 1 time | r = 0.73, p < 0.001*** | r = 0.38, p = 089 |
D-KEFS 2 time | r = 0.40, p = 0.087 | r = 0.14, p = 0.539 |
D-KEFS 3 time | r = 0.48, p = 0.036* | r = 0.24, p = 0.288 |
D-KEFS 4 time | r = 0.36, P = 0.130 | r = 0.05, p = 0.838 |