Introduction
Methods
Results
Antimicrobial agents | Mechanism of action | Spectrum |
---|---|---|
Benzalkonium chloride | Degrades cell wall causing leakage of cellular contents; surfactant properties; solution uses mechanical debridement with a pulse lavage device | More effective against Gram positive than Gram negative |
0.1%/0.1% Polyhexanide/Betaine soap | ||
0.05% aqueous chlorhexidine Gluconate | Biguanide that disrupts cell walls and precipitates cellular proteins; binds to cell walls and alters osmotic equilibrium | Gram-negative and Gram-positive |
0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate soap | At physiological pH, chlorhexidine slats dissociate and release positively charged chlorhexidine cation which binds to negatively charged bacterial cell walls | Broad antimicrobial coverage |
Hydrogen peroxide | Oxidant; causes tissue toxicity via corrosive damage, oxygen gas formation, and lipid peroxidation | Broad coverage against viruses, bacteria, yeasts, and bacterial spores |
Iodine-containing salts 10% povidone-iodine: I-PVP | Causes protein denaturation and precipitation of bacteria; toxic toward human fibroblasts | Viruses, bacteria, spores, fungi, and protozoa |
Ammonium chlorides (bleaches) 0.25% sodium hypochlorite | Increases pH and interferes with cytoplasmic membrane integrity; interferes with cellular metabolism and phospholipid degradation | Broad coverage; dose-dependent toxicity against macrophages |
0.4% sodium oxychlorosene | Oxidation and hypochlorination, and thereby destruction, of protoplasmic contents | Broad coverage |
0.025% hypochlorous acid | Replicates oxidative burst that occurs in white blood cells with the release of hypochlorous acid | Broad coverage against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi |
Cefazolin Gentamicin (Anacef) | Inhibits cell wall synthesis Binds the 30S subunit of bactericidal ribosome, interrupting protein synthesis | Broad coverage against Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms; concentration dependent |
Bacitracin | Disrupts bacterial cell wall synthesis and inhibits cell enzymes | Most Gram-positive organisms |
Polymyxin B | Binds to cell membrane and alters structure, making it permeable | Resistant Gram-negative microbes except Proteus and Neisseria genera |
Vancomycin | Inhibits cell wall synthesis | Gram-positive bacteria |