nach oben

Rechtsmedizin

Erschienen in:

09.01.2020 | Review article

Toxicology of natural and synthetic aphrodisiacs

verfasst von: Dr. rer. nat. C. Hess, A. Boehmer

Erschienen in: Rechtsmedizin | Ausgabe 1/2020

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Aphrodisiacs, libido or erection-enhancing supplements are widely available on the internet. The beneficial effects are controversial. Forensic toxicologists should be aware of the potential toxicities of these products because they could be given in cases of drug-facilitated sexual assault. This article presents a case report in which the defendant claimed to have administered an aphrodisiac to several women who showed strong symptoms of intoxication after consumption in an alcoholic drink. A literature research was carried out for potential substances sold in these aphrodisiac products. Synthetic substances as well as products of herbal or animal origin can be the ingredients. The main products that could cause intensive side effects and intoxication are phosphodiesterase V inhibitors (declared or undeclared on packaging), yohimbine, steroid hormones, flibanserin, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, Tribulus terrestris, Bufo Toad, Spanish fly or Horny Goat Weed. All other products used as aphrodisiacs and described herein show less potential side effects or no studies on side effects in humans were carried out.

Elferink JGR (2000) Aphrodisiac use in pre-Columbian Aztec and Inca cultures. J Hist Sex 9(1–2):25–36

Sandroni P (2001) Aphrodisiacs past and present: a historical review. Clin Auton Res 11(5):303–307PubMed

Shamloul R (2010) Natural aphrodisiacs. J Sex Med 7(1):39–49PubMed

Krychman ML, Gubili J, Pereira L, Holstein L, Cassileth B (2007) Female sexual enhancers and neutraceuticals. Curr Sex Health Rep 4:177–182

Pratap SA, Rajender S (2012) Potent natural aphrodisiacs for the management of erectile dysfunction and male sexual debilities. Front Biosci 4:167–180

Campbell N, Clark JP, Stecher VJ et al (2013) Adulteration of purported herbal and natural sexual performance enhancement dietary supplements with synthetic phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. J Sex Med 10(7):1842–1849PubMed

Regan KS, Wambogo EA, Haggans CJ (2011) NIH and USDA funding of dietary supplement research, 1999–2007. J Nutr 141:1–3PubMed

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addictions (2012) 2012 annual report on the state of the drugs problem in europe

Balayssac S, Gilard V, Zedde C, Martino R, Malet-Martino M (2012) Analysis of herbal dietary supplements for sexual performance enhancement: first characterization of propoxyphenyl-thiohydroxyhomosildenafil and identification of sildenafil, thiosildenafil, phentolamine and tetrahydropalmatine as adulterants. J Pharm Biomed Anal 63:135–150PubMed

10.

Gilard V, Balayssac S, Tinaugus A, Martins N, Martino R, Malet-Martino M (2015) Detection, identification and quantification by 1H NMR of adulterants in 150 herbal dietary supplements marketed for improving sexual performance. J Pharm Biomed Anal 102:476–493PubMed

11.

Ernst E (1998) Harmless herbs? A review of the recent literature. Am J Med 104(2):170–178PubMed

12.

Melnyk JP, Marcone MF (2011) Aphrodisiacs from plant and animal sources—a review of current scientific literature. Food Res Int 44:840–850

13.

Patel DN, Li L, Kee CL, Ge X, Low MY, Koh HL (2014) Screening of synthetic PDE‑5 inhibitors and their analogues as adulterants: analytical techniques and challenges. J Pharm Biomed Anal 87:176–190PubMed

14.

Corbin JD, Francis SH, Webb DJ (2002) Phosphodiesterase type 5 as a pharmacologic target in erectile dysfunction. Urology 60(2):4–11PubMed

15.

Matheeussen V, Maudens KE, Anseeuw K, Neels H (2015) A non-fatal self-poisoning attempt with sildenafil. J Anal Toxicol 39(7):572–576PubMed

16.

Rahimi R, Ghiasi S, Azimi H, Fakhari S, Abdollahi M (2010) A review of the herbal phosphodiesterase inhibitors; future perspective of new drugs. Cytokine 49:123–129PubMed

17.

Giampreti A, Lonati D, Locatelli C, Rocchi L, Campailla MT (2009) Acute neurotoxicity after yohimbine ingestion by a body builder. Clin Toxicol 49:827–829

18.

Betz JM, White KD, der Marderosian AH (1995) Gas chromatographic determination of yohimbine in commercial yohimbe products. J Aoac Int 78(5):1189–1194PubMed

19.

Miller RA (1985) The magical and ritual use of aphrodisiacs. Inner Traditions-Bear & Company, Rochester (Chapter 16)

20.

Chang AYW, Huang CM, Chan JYH, Chan SHH (2001) Involvement of noradrenergic innervation from locus coeruleus to hippocampal formation in negative feedback regulation of penile erection in the rat. Hippocampus 11(6):783–792PubMed

21.

Saenz De Tejada I, Kim NN, Goldstein I, Traish AM (2000) Regulation of pre-synaptic alpha adrenergic activity in the corpus cavernosum. Int J Impot Res 12(1):S20–S25PubMed

22.

Rote Liste® Service GmbH (2019) Rote Liste Online. https://www.rote-liste.de/. Accessed 7 January 2020

23.

Montague DK, Jarow JP, Broderick GA et al (2005) Chapter 1: the management of erectile dysfunction: an AUA update. J Urol 174(1):230–239PubMed

24.

Kearney T, Tu N, Haller C (2010) Adverse drug events associated with yohimbine-containing products: a retrospective review of the California poison control system reported cases. Ann Pharmacother 44(6):1022–1029PubMed

25.

Farris SG, Davis ML, DeBoer LB, Smits JAJ, Powers MB (2012) Yohimbine hydrochloride. In: Hofmann SG (ed) Psychobiological approaches for anxiety disorders: treatment combination strategies. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119945901.ch6 CrossRef

26.

Friesen K, Palatnick W, Tenenbein M (1993) Benign course after massive yohimbine ingestion. J Emerg Med 11:287–288PubMed

27.

Linden CH, Vellman WP, Rumack B (1985) Yohimbine: a new street drug. Ann Emerg Med 14:1002–1004PubMed

28.

Anderson C, Anderson D, Narre N, Wade N (2013) Case study: two fatal case reports of acute yohimbine intoxication. J Anal Toxicol 37:611–614PubMed

29.

Vulto AG, de Smet PAGM (1988) Drugs used in non-orthodox medicine. In: Dukes MNG (ed) Meyler’s Side Effects of Drugs, 11th edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 1024–1028

30.

Varkey S (1992) Overdose of yohimbine. BMJ 304:548PubMedPubMedCentral

31.

Sandler B, Aronson P (1993) Yohimbine-induced cutaneous drug eruption, progressive renal failure, and lupus-like syndrome. Urology 41(4):343–345PubMed

32.

Myers A, Barrueto F Jr (2009) Refractory priapism associated with ingestion of yohimbe extract. J Med Toxicol 5(4):223–225PubMedPubMedCentral

33.

Kohli JD, De NN (1956) Pharmacological action of rauwolscine. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/1771182a0 CrossRefPubMed

34.

Shabsigh R (1997) The effects of testosterone on the cavernous tissue and erectile function. World J Urol 15:21PubMed

35.

Goldstat R, Briganti E, Tran J, Wolfe R, Davis SR (2003) Transdermal testosterone therapy improves well-being, mood, and sexual function in premenopausal women. Menopause 10(5):390–398PubMed

36.

Ziaei S, Moghasemi M, Faghihzadeh S (2010) Comparative effects of conventional hormone replacement therapy and tibolone on climacteric symptoms and sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women. Climacteric 13(2):147–156PubMed

37.

Cui T, Kovell RC, Brooks DC, Terlecki RP (2015) A urologist’s guide to ingredients found in top-selling nutraceuticals for men’s sexual health. Sex Med 12(11):2105–2117

38.

Wolf OT (1998) Effects of dehydroepiandrostone (DHEA) replacement on cognitive performance in humans: four placebo controlled double blind studies. Cuvillier, Göttingen

39.

Yeung TW, Li RH, Lee VC, Ho PC, Ng EH (2013) A randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial on the effect of dehydroepiandrosterone for 16 weeks on ovarian response markers in women with primary ovarian insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98(1):380–388PubMed

40.

Poplawska M, Blazewicz A, Zolek P, Fijalek Z (2014) Determination of flibanserin and tadalafil in supplements for women sexual desire enhancement using high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometer, diodearray detector and charged aerosol detector. J Pharm Biomed Anal 94:45–53PubMed

41.

Katz M, DeRogatis LR, Ackerman R, Hedges P, Lesko L, Garcia M Jr. (2013) BEGONIA trial investigators, efficacy of flibanserin in women with hypoactivesexual desire disorder: results from the BEGONIA trial. J Sex Med 10:1807–1815PubMed

42.

Borsini F, Evans K, Jason K, Rohde F, Alexander B, Pollentier S (2002) Pharmacology of flibanserin. CNS Drug Rev, vol 8, pp 117–142

43.

Gao Z, Yang D, Yu L, Cui Y (2015) Efficacy and safety of flibanserin in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sex Med 12(11):2095–2104PubMed

44.

Simon JA, Derogatis L, Portman D, Brown L, Yuan J, Kissling R (2018) Flibanserin for hypoactive sexual desire disorder: an open-label safety study. J Sex Med 15(3):387–395PubMed

45.

Granzella N, Chen BC, Baird GS, Valento M (2018) Flibanserin toxicity in a toddler following ingestion. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 56(3):226–228

46.

Shao A, Hathcock J (2008) Risk assessment for the amino acids taurine, l‑glutamine and l‑arginine. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 50(3):376–399PubMed

47.

Appleton J (2002) Arginine: clinical potential of a semi-essential amino acid. Altern Med Rev 7(6):512–522PubMed

48.

Chen J, Wollman Y, Chernichovsky T, Iaina A, Sofer M, Matzkin H (2001) Effect of oral administration of high-dose nitric oxide donor l‑arginine in men with organic erectile dysfunction: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. BJU Int 83(3):269–273

49.

Wu G, Bazer F, Cudd T, Jobgen W, Kim S, Lassala A, Li P, Matis J, Meininger C, Spencer T (2007) Pharmacokinetics and safety of arginine supplementation in animals. J Nutr 137(6):1673S–1680SPubMed

50.

Grimble G (2007) Adverse gastrointestinal effects of arginine and related amino acids. J Nutr 137(6):1693S–1701SPubMed

51.

Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ (2013) Amphetamine, past and present—a pharmacological and clinical perspective. J Psychopharmacol 27(6):479–496PubMedPubMedCentral

52.

Laborit H (1972) Correlations between protein and serotonin synthesis during various activities of the central nervous system (slow and desynchronized) sleep, learning and memory, sexual activity, morphine tolerance, aggressiveness and pharmacological action of sodium gamma-hydroxybutyrate. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 3:51–81PubMed

53.

Romanelli F, Smith KM, Pomeroy C (2003) Use of club drugs by HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative gay and bisexual men. Top HIV Med 1:25–32

54.

Abanades S, Farré M, Segura M, Pichini S, Barral D, Pacifici R, Pellegrini M, Fonseca F, Langohr K, De La Torre R (2006) Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in humans: pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1074:559–576PubMed

55.

Kam PCA, Yoong FFY (1998) Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid: an emerging recreational drug. Anaesthesia 53:1195–1198PubMed

56.

Andresen H, Aydin BE, Mueller A, Iwersen-Bergmann S (2011) An overview of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid: pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, toxic effects, addiction, analytical methods, and interpretation of results. Drug Test Anal 3:560–568PubMed

57.

Gauthaman K, Adaikan PG, Prasad RNV (2002) Aphrodisiac properties of tribulus terrestris extract (protodioscin) in normal and castrated rats. Life Sci 71(12):1385–1396PubMed

58.

Basson R, Leiblum S, Brotto L, Derogatis L, Fourcroy J, Fugl-Meyer K, Graziottin A, Heiman JR, Laan E, Meston C, Schover L, van Lankveld J, Schultz WW (2003) Definitions of women’s sexual dysfunction reconsidered: advocating expansion and revision. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 24(4):221–229PubMed

59.

Do J, Choi S, Choi J, Hyun JS (2013) Effects and mechanism of action of tribulus terrestris extract on penile erection. Korean J Urol 54:183–188PubMedPubMedCentral

60.

Ukani MD, Nanavati DD, Mehta NK (1997) A review on the ayurvedic herb tribulus terrestris L. Anc Sci Life 17:144–150PubMedPubMedCentral

61.

Wang B, Ma L, Liu T (1990) 406 cases of angina pectoris in coronary heart disease treated with saponin of tribulus terrestris. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 10:85–87PubMed

62.

Rogerson S, Riches CJ, Jennings C, Weatherby RP, Meir RA, Marshall-Gradisnik SM (2007) The effect of five weeks of tribulus terrestris supplementation on muscle strength and body composition during preseason training in elite rugby league players. J Strength Cond Res 21:348–353PubMed

63.

Hibasami H, Moteki H, Ishikawa K, Katsuzaki H, Imai K, Yoshioka K, Ishii Y, Komiya T (2003) Protodioscin isolated from fenugreek (trigonella foenumgraecum L.) induces cell death and morphological change indicative of apoptosis in leukemic cell line H‑60, but not in gastric cancer cell line KATO III. Int J Mol Med 11(1):23–26PubMed

64.

Dong M, Feng XZ, Wang BX, Ikejima T, Wu LJ (2004) Steroidal saponins from dioscorea panthaica and their cytotoxic activity. Pharmazie 59(4):294–296PubMed

65.

Akhtari E, Raisi F, Keshavarz M, Hosseini H, Sohrabvand F, Bioos S, Kamalinejad M, Ghobadi A (2014) Tribulus terrestris for treatment of sexual dysfunction in women: randomized double-blind placebo—controlled study. Daru 22:40PubMedPubMedCentral

66.

Prakash D, Singh PN, Wahi SP (1985) An evaluation of Tribulus terrestris Linn (Chota Gokharu). Indian Drugs 22:332–333

67.

Bourke CA (2006) Abnormal turning behaviour, GABAergic inhibition and the degeneration of astrocytes in ovine tribulus terrestris motor neuron disease. Aust Vet J 84:53–58PubMed

68.

Bourke CA (2012) Motor neurone disease in molybdenum-deficient sheep fed the endogenous purine xanthosine: possible mechanism for tribulus staggers. Aust Vet J 90:272–274PubMed

69.

Aslani MR, Movassaghi AR, Mohri M, Pedram M, Abavisani A (2003) Experimental tribulus terrestris poisoning in sheep: clinical, laboratory and pathological findings. Vet Res Commun 27:53–62PubMed

70.

McDonough SP, Woodbury AH, Galey FD, Wilson DW, East N, Bracken E (1994) Hepatogenous photosensitization of sheep in California associated with ingestion of tribulus terrestris (puncture vine). J Vet Diagn Invest 6:392–395PubMed

71.

Schmidt M, Thomsen M, Bone K (2011) Tribulus terrestis-induced nephrotoxicity? Nephrol Dial Transplant 26:3065–3066PubMed

72.

Ryan M, Lazar I, Nadasdy GM, Nadasdy T, Satoskar AA (2015) Acute kidney injury and hyperbilirubinemia in a young male after ingestion of tribulus terrestris. Clin Nephrol 83(3):177–183PubMed

73.

Talasaz AH, Abbasi MR, Abkhiz S, Dashti-Khavidaki S (2010) Tribulus terrestris-induced severe nephrotoxicity in a young healthy male. Nephrol Dial Transplant 25:3792–3793PubMed

74.

Bolster MG, Jansen BJM, de Groot A (2001) The synthesis of (‑)-ambrox starting from labdanolic acid. Tetrahedron 57:5657–5662

75.

Taha SA, Raza M, El-Khawad IE (1998) Effect of ambrein on smooth muscle responses to various agonists. J Ethnopharmacol 60(1):19–26PubMed

76.

Taha SA, Islam MW, Ageel AM (1995) Effect of ambrein, a major constituent of ambergris, on masculine sexual-behavior in rats. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 329(2):283–294PubMed

77.

Hirotsu I, Horikawa Y, Kihara T, Ishihara T (1992) Reversal of α‑methyltyrosine-induced hypoactivity by 6‑(R)-5, 6, 7, 8‑tetrahydro-l-erythrobiopterin (R-THBP) in mice. Jpn J Pharmacol 58(1):67–73PubMed

78.

Abdel-Rahman MA, Ahmed SH, Nabil ZI (2010) In vitro cardiotoxicity and mechanism of action of the Egyptian green toad bufo viridis skin secretions. Toxicol In Vitro 24(2):480–485PubMed

79.

Bick RJ, Poindexter BJ, Sweney RR, Dasgupta A (2002) Effects of Chan Su, a traditional Chinese medicine, on the calcium transients of isolated cardiomyocytes: cardiotoxicity due tomore than na, K‑ATPase blocking. Life Sci 72(6):699–709PubMed

80.

Sklerov J, Levine B, Moore KA, King T, Fowler D (2005) A fatal intoxication following the ingestion of 5‑methoxy‑N,N‑dimethyltryptamine in an ayahuasca preparation. J Anal Toxicol 29(8):838–841PubMed

81.

Ott J (2001) Pharmepena-psychonautics: human intranasal, sublingual and oral pharmacology of 5‑methoxy‑N,N‑dimethyl-tryptamine. J Psychoactive Drugs 33:403–407PubMed

82.

Benington F, Morin RD, Clark LC Jr. (1965) 5‑methoxy‑N, N‑dimethyltryptamine, a possible endogenous psychotoxin. Ala J Med Sci 2:397–403PubMed

83.

Gillin JC, Tinklenberg J, Stoff DM, Stillman R, Shortlidge JS, Wyatt RJ (1976) 5‑Methoxy‑N,N‑dimethyltryptamine: behavioral and toxicological effects in animals. Biol Psychiatry 11:355–358PubMed

84.

MMWR weekly (1995) Deaths associated with a purported aphrodisiac -‑ New York City, february 1993-may 1995. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00039633.htm. Accessed 7 January 2020

85.

Lopez Castillo M, Sanchez Borque P, Rubio Campal JM, Farre Muncharaz J (2017) 4991 death by love stone, a dangerous aphrodisiac drug. Eur Heart J. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx495.4991 CrossRef

86.

Sifferlin A (2015) Man dies after ingesting toad venom aphrodisiac. http://time.com/4100393/toad-venom-love-stone-aphrodisiac-killed-man/. Accessed 7 January 2020

87.

Presto AJ, Muecke EC (1970) A dose of Spanish fly. JAMA 214(3):591–592PubMed

88.

Karras DJ, Farrell SE, Harrigan RA, Henretig FM, Gealt L (1996) Poisoning from “Spanish fly” (cantharidin). Am J Emerg Med 14(5):478–483PubMed

89.

Tagwireyi D, Ball DE, Loga PJ, Moyo S (2000) Cantharidin poisoning due to “blister beetle” ingestion. Toxicon 38(12):1865–1869PubMed

90.

Waddell TG, Jones H, Keith AL (1981) Legendary chemical aphrodisiacs. Indian J Pharm Sci 43(1):1–5

91.

Binder R (1979) Malpractice—in dermatology. Cutis 23(5):663–666PubMed

92.

Till SJ, Majmudar BN (1981) Cantharidin poisoning. South Med J 74(4):444–447PubMed

93.

Moed L, Shwayder TA, Chang MW (2001) Cantharidin revisited: a blistering defense of an ancient medicine. Arch Dermatol 137(10):1357–1360PubMed

94.

Bertaux B, Prost C, Heslan M, Dubertret L (1988) Cantharide acantholysis: endogenous protease activation leading to desmosomal plaque dissolution. Br J Dermatol 118(2):157–165PubMed

95.

GPHIN (2012) FDA warns on sex, diet pills. Sun-Sentinel, South Florida (communication posted on 2012/03/07)

96.

Jiang Z, Hu B, Wang J et al (2006) Effect of icariin on cyclic GMP levels and on the mRNA expression of cGMP-binding cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE5) in penile cavernosum. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technol Med Sci 26(4):460–462PubMed

97.

Xu HB, Huang ZQ (2007) Icariin enhances endothelial nitric-oxide synthase expression on human endothelial cells in vitro. Vascul Pharmacol 47(1):18–24PubMed

98.

Zhang ZB, Yang QT (2006) The testosterone mimetic properties of icariin. Asian J Androl 8(5):601–605PubMed

99.

Makarova MN, Pozharitskaya ON, Shikov AN, Tesakova SV, Makarov VG, Tikhonov VP (2007) Effect of lipid-based suspension of epimedium koreanum nakai extract on sexual behavior in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 114(3):412–416PubMed

100.

Partin F, Pushkin YR (2004) Tachyarrhythmia and hypomania with horny goat weed. Psychosomatics 45(6):536–537PubMed

101.

Metz D, Weston P, Barker D (2009) Case report of vasculitic rash induced by ginkgo biloba and/or horny goat weed. BMJ Case Rep 2009:bcr07.2008.0399PubMedPubMedCentral

102.

Qinna N, Taha H, Matalka KZ, Badwan AA (2009) A new herbal combination, etana, for enhancing erectile function: an efficacy and safety study in animals. Int J Impot Res 21:315–320PubMed

103.

Mendes F, Carlini E (2007) Brazilian plants as possible adaptogens: an ethnopharmacological survey of books edited in Brazil. J Ethnopharmacol 109(3):493–500PubMed

104.

Corazza O, Martinotti G, Santacroce R, Chillemi E, Di Giannantonio M, Schifano F, Cellek S (2014) Sexual enhancement products for sale online: raising awareness of the psychoactive effects of yohimbine, maca, horny goat weed, and ginkgo biloba. Biomed Res Int 2014:1–13

105.

Tang W, Harada K, Kubo M, Hioki H, Fukuyama Y (2011) Eight new clerodane diterpenoids from the bark of ptychopetalum olacoides. Nat Prod Commun 6(3):327–332PubMed

106.

da Silva A, Piato Â, Ferreira J, Martins B, Nunes D, Elisabetsky E (2007) Promnesic effects of ptychopetalum olacoides in aversive and non-aversive learning paradigms. J Ethnopharmacol 109(3):449–457PubMed

107.

Waynberg J, Brewer S (2000) Effects of herbal vX on libido and sexual activity in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Adv Therapy 17(5):255–262

108.

Oliveira C, Moraes M, Moraes M, Bezerra F, Abib E, Nucci G (2005) Clinical toxicology study of an herbal medicinal extract of paullinia cupana, trichilia catigua, ptychopetalum olacoides and zingiber officinale (catuama®) in healthy volunteers. Phytother Res 19(1):54–57PubMed

109.

Siqueira I, Lara D, Silva D, Gaieski F, Nunes D, Elisabetsky E (1998) Psychopharmacological properties of ptychopetalum olacoides bentham (olacaceae). Pharm Biol 36(5):327–334

110.

Antunes E, Gordo W, de Oliveira J, Teixeira C, Hyslop S, De Nucci G (2001) The relaxation of isolated rabbit corpus cavernosum by the herbal medicine catuama®and its constituents. Phytother Res 15(5):416–421PubMed

111.

Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR) (2007) Risikobewertung macahaltiger Nahrungsergänzungsmittel (Stellungnahme Nr. 024/2007)

112.

Gonzales-Arimborgo C, Yupanqui I, Montero E, Alarcón-Yaquetto D, Zevallos-Concha A, Caballero L, Gasco M, Zhao J, Khan I, Gonzales G (2016) Acceptability, safety, and efficacy of oral administration of extracts of black or red maca (lepidium meyenii) in adult human subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Pharmaceuticals 9(3):49PubMedCentral

113.

Stone M, Ibarra A, Roller M, Zangara A, Stevenson E (2009) A pilot investigation into the effect of maca supplementation on physical activity and sexual desire in sportsmen. J Ethnopharmacol 126(3):574–576PubMed

114.

Shin B, Lee M, Yang E, Lim H, Ernst E (2010) Maca (l. meyenii) for improving sexual function: a systematic review. BMC Complement Altern Med 10:44. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-10-44 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

115.

Piacente S, Carbone V, Plaza A, Zampelli A, Pizza C (2002) Investigation of the tuber constituents of maca (lepidium meyenii walp.). J Agric Food Chem 50(20):5621–5625PubMed

116.

Ernst E (2010) Panax ginseng: an overview of the clinical evidence. J Ginseng Res 34(4):259–263

117.

Shergis J, Zhang A, Zhou W, Xue C (2012) Panax ginsengin randomised controlled trials: a systematic review. Phytother Res 27(7):949–965PubMed

118.

Thompson Coon J, Ernst E (2010) Panax ginseng: a systematic review of adverse effects and drug interactions. Focus Altern Complement Ther 7(1):111–112

119.

So S, Lee J, Kim Y, Hyun S, Han C (2018) Red ginseng monograph. J Ginseng Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2018.05.002 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

120.

Murphy L, Lee T (2002) Ginseng, sex behavior, and nitric oxide. Ann N Y Acad Sci 962(1):372–377PubMed

121.

Tajuddin A, Ahmad S, Latif A, Qasmi IA, Amin KM (2005) An experimental study of sexual function improving effect of myristica fragrans houtt. (nutmeg). BMC Complement Altern Med 5:16PubMedPubMedCentral

122.

Ehrenpreis JE, Deslauriers C, Lank P, Armstrong PK, Leikin JB (2014) Nutmeg poisonings: a retrospective review of 10 years experience from the illinois poison center, 2001–2011. J Med Toxicol 10(2):148–151PubMedPubMedCentral

123.

McKenna A, Nordt SP, Ryan J (2004) Acute nutmeg poisoning. Eur J Emerg Med 11(4):240–241PubMed

124.

Demetriades AK, Wallman PD, McGuiness A, Gavalas MC (2005) Low cost, high risk: accidental nutmeg intoxication. Emerg Med J 22(3):223–225PubMedPubMedCentral

125.

Fehske CJ, Leuner K, Müller WE (2009) Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) influences monoaminergic neurotransmission via inhibition of NE uptake, but not MAO activity after chronic treatment. Pharmacol Res 60(1):68–73PubMed

126.

Schmitt CA, Dirsch VM (2009) Modulation of endothelial nitric oxide by plant-derived products. Nitric Oxide 21(2):77–91PubMed

127.

Birks J, Grimley EV, Van Dongen M (2002) Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4:CD3120

128.

Fugh-Berman A (2000) Herb-drug interactions. Lancet 355(9198):134–138PubMed

129.

Bent S, Goldberg H, Padula A, Avins AL (2005) Spontaneous bleeding associated with ginkgo biloba: a case report and systematic review of the literatur. J Gen Intern Med 20(7):657–661PubMedPubMedCentral

130.

Leistner E, Drewke C (2010) Ginkgo biloba and ginkgotoxin. J Nat Prod 73(1):86–92PubMed

131.

Ossian CR (1999) The most beautiful of flowers (review of water lilies and lotuses in ancient Egypt). KMT 1:48–59

132.

Emboden WA (1981) Transcultural use of narcotic water lilies in ancient Egyptian and Maya drug ritual. J Ethnopharmacol 3(1):39–83PubMed

133.

Bennett B, Hicklin J (1998) Uses of saw palmetto (serenoa repens, arecaceae) in florida. Econ Bot 52(4):381–393

134.

Avins A, Bent S, Staccone S, Badua E, Padula A, Goldberg H, Neuhaus J, Hudes E, Shinohara K, Kane C (2008) A detailed safety assessment of a saw palmetto extract. Complement Ther Med 16(3):147–154PubMedPubMedCentral

135.

Avins A, Lee J, Meyers C, Barry M (2013) Safety and toxicity of saw palmetto in the CAMUS trial. J Urol 189(4):1415–1420PubMed

136.

Singh Y, Devkota A, Sneeden D, Singh K, Halaweish F (2007) Hepatotoxicity potential of saw palmetto (serenoa repens) in rats. Phytomedicine 14(2–3):204–208PubMed

137.

Rahman M, Islam M (2015) Alpinia calcarata roscoe: a potential phytopharmacological source of natural medicine. Phcog Rev 9:55–62PubMed

138.

Arambewela L, Arawwawala M, Ratnasooriya WD (2011) Safety profile of alpinia calcarata roscoe, used in traditional medicine in Sri Lanka. BLACPMA 10(5):435–442

139.

Ratnasooriya W, Jayakody J (2006) Effects of aqueous extract of alpinia calcarata rhizomes on reproductive competence of male rats. Acta Biol Hung 57(1):23–35PubMed

140.

Sharma V, Boonen J, Chauhan N, Thakur M, De Spiegeleer B, Dixit V (2011) Spilanthes acmella ethanolic flower extract: LC–MS alkylamide profiling and its effects on sexual behavior in male rats. Phytomedicine 18(13):1161–1169PubMed

141.

Triveni A (1977) Rasendrasarasangrah: Vajikaranadhikar. Nutan Press, Rajkot, India

142.

Thakur M, Chauhan NS, Bhargava S, Dixit VK (2009) A comparative study on aphrodisiac activity of some ayurvedic herbs in male albino rats. Arch Sex Behav 38(6):1009–1015PubMed

143.

Madan CL, Kapur BM, Gupta US (1996) Crocus sativus saffron herb and sexual effects. Saffron Econ Bot 20:377

144.

Safarinejad MR, Shafiei N, Safarinejad S (2010) An open label, randomized, fixed-dose, crossover study comparing efficacy and safety of sildenafil citrate and saffron (crocus sativus linn.) for treating erectile dysfunction in men naïve to treatment. Int J Impot Res 22(4):240–250PubMed

145.

George A, Henkel R (2014) Phytoandrogenic properties of eurycoma longifolia as natural alternative to testosterone replacement therapy. Andrologia 46(7):708–721PubMed

146.

George A, Suzuki N, Abas AB, Mohri K, Utsuyama M, Hirokawa K, Takara T (2016) Immunomodulation in middle-aged humans via the ingestion of physta® standardized root water extract of eurycoma longifolia jack—a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study. Phytother Res 30(4):627–635PubMed

147.

Ismail SB, Wan Mohammad WM, George A, Nik Hussain NH, Musthapa Kamal ZM, Liske E (2012) Randomized clinical trial on the use of PHYSTA freeze-dried water extract of eurycoma longifolia for the improvement of quality of life and sexual well-being in men. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012:429268PubMedPubMedCentral

148.

Yakubu MT, Akanji MA, Oladiji AT (2005) Aphrodisiac potentials of the aqueous extract of fadogia agrestis (schweinf. ex hiern) stem in male albino rats. Asian J Androl 7(4):399–404PubMed

149.

Chaturapanich G, Chaiyakul S, Verawatnapakul V, Pholpramool C (2008) Effects of kaempferia parviflora extracts on reproductive parameters and spermatic blood flow in male rats. Reproduction 136:515–522PubMed

150.

Sutthanut K, Sripanidkulchai B, Yenjai C, Jay M (2007) Simultaneous identification and quantitation of 11 flavonoid constituents in kaempferia parviflora by gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1143:227–233PubMed

151.

Saokaew S, Wilairat P, Raktanyakan P, Dilokthornsakul P, Dhippayom T, Kongkaew C, Sruamsiri R, Chuthaputti A, Chaiyakunapruk N (2016) Clinical effects of krachaidum (kaempferia parviflora): a systematic review. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 22(3):413–428. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156587216669628 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

152.

Chen J, Chiou WF, Chen CC, Chen CF (2000) Effect of the plant-extract osthole onthe relaxation of rabbit corpus cavernosum tissue in vitro. J Urol 163:1975–1980PubMed

153.

Zhang ZR, Leung WN, Cheung HY, Chan CW (2015) Osthole: a review on its bioactivities, pharmacological properties, and potential as alternative medicine. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2015:919616PubMedPubMedCentral

154.

Lampiao F, Krom D, du Plessis SS (2008) The in vitro effects of mondia whitei on human sperm motility parameters. Phytother Res 22(9):1272–1273PubMed

155.

Watcho P, Defo PB, Wankeu-Nya M, Carro-Juarez M, Nguelefack TB, Kamanyi A (2013) Mondia whitei (periplocaceae) prevents and guibourtia tessmannii (caesalpiniaceae) facilitates fictive ejaculation in spinal male rats. BMC Complement Altern Med 13:4PubMedPubMedCentral

156.

Carro-Juárez M, Cervantes E, Cervantes-Méndez M, Rodríguez-Manzo G (2004) Aphrodisiac properties of montanoa tomentosa aqueous crude extract in male rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 78(1):129–134PubMed

157.

Landgren BM, Aedo AR, Hagenfeldt K, Diczfalusy E (1979) Clinical effects of orally administered extracts of montanoa tomentosa in early human pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 135(4):480–484PubMed

158.

Bahmanpour S, Vojdani Z, Panjehshahin MR, Hoballah H, Kassas H (2012) Effects of carthamus tinctorius on semen quality and gonadal hormone levels in partially sterile male rats. Korean J Urol 53(10):705–710PubMedPubMedCentral

159.

Malmir M, Serrano R, Reza Gohari A, Silva O (2014) Characterization of satureja khuzestanica leaf as a herbal medicine. Microsc Microanal 20(5):1425–1435PubMed

160.

Vosough-Ghanbari S, Rahimi R, Kharabaf S, Zeinali S, Mohammadirad A, Amini S, Yasa N, Salehnia A, Toliat T, Nikfar S, Larijani B, Abdollahi M (2010) Effects of satureja khuzestanica on serum glucose, lipids and markers of oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 7(4):465–470

161.

Prachayasittikul V, Prachayasittikul S, Ruchirawat S, Prachayasittikul V (2013) High therapeutic potential of spilanthes acmella: a review. EXCLI J 12:291–312PubMedPubMedCentral

162.

Ratnasooriya W, Pieris K, Samaratunga U, Jayakody J (2004) Diuretic activity of spilanthes acmella flowers in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 91(2–3):317–320PubMed

163.

Ratnasooriya W, Dharmasiri MG (2000) Effects of terminalia catappa seeds on sexual behaviour and fertility of male rats. Asian J Androl 2:213–219PubMed

164.

Kumar S, Madaan R, Sharma A (2008) Pharmacological evaluation of bioactive principle of turnera aphrodisiaca. Indian J Pharm Sci 70(6):740–744PubMedPubMedCentral

165.

Arletti R, Benelli A, Cavazzuti E, Scarpetta G, Bertolini A (1999) Stimulating property of turnera diffusa and pfaffia paniculata extracts on the sexual behavior of male rats. Psychopharmacology 143(1):15–19PubMed

166.

GPHIN (2012) Again feel the woman! (Communication posted on 2012/05/15 from Russia)

167.

Corazza O, Assi S, Simonato P et al (2013) Promoting innovation and excellence to face the rapid diffusion of novel psychoactive substances in the EU: the outcomes of the reDnet project. Hum Psychopharmacol 28(4):317–323PubMed

168.

Auwärter V, Dresen S, Weinmann W, Müller M, Pütz M, Ferreirós N (2009) “Spice” and other herbal blends: harmless incense or cannabinoid designer drugs? J Mass Spectrom 44(5):832–837PubMed

169.

Williams ES (2005) Chronic wasting disease. Vet Pathol 42(5):530–549PubMed

Titel: Toxicology of natural and synthetic aphrodisiacs
verfasst von: Dr. rer. nat. C. Hess
A. Boehmer
Publikationsdatum: 09.01.2020
Verlag: Springer Medizin
Erschienen in: Rechtsmedizin / Ausgabe 1/2020
Print ISSN: 0937-9819
Elektronische ISSN: 1434-5196
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00194-019-00368-x

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Springer Medizin

Toxicology of natural and synthetic aphrodisiacs

Abstract

Neu im Fachgebiet Rechtsmedizin

Assistierter Suizid durch Infusion von Thiopental

Molekularpathologische Untersuchungen im Wandel der Zeit

Vergleichende Pathologie in der onkologischen Forschung

Gastrointestinale Stromatumoren

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2020

Grausamer Mord oder notärztliche Versorgung?

Zwei plötzliche Todesfälle bei chronischer Obstipation

Die Ohrfeige: Verletzungsfolgen und juristische Bedeutung

Rechtsreport: Aktuelle Rechtsprechung und Gesetzesänderungen

Kindernotfall: Mädchen steckt Steine in die Hosentasche – und die Hose brennt

Die Ohrfeige. Teil 1 – Allgemeines und Biomechanik

Neu im Fachgebiet Rechtsmedizin

Assistierter Suizid durch Infusion von Thiopental

Molekularpathologische Untersuchungen im Wandel der Zeit

Vergleichende Pathologie in der onkologischen Forschung

Gastrointestinale Stromatumoren