Background
Methods
Quality analysis
Statistical analysis
Results
First author (year) | Study Design | Sample name, country | Sample size / female n (%) | Mean age ± SD (years) | Exposure Assessment | Time window of sleep duration | Outcome Assessment | Covariates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ju (2013) [37] | Cross-sectional | Washington University Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center & Adult Children Study, USA | 142/ 84 (59.2%) | 65.6 ± 8.2 | Actigraphy (Actiwatch 2, Phillips Respironics) | 2 weeks | CSF measured Aβ42 | Age, sex, APOEε4 allele |
Spira (2013) [38] | Cross-sectional | Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, USA | 70/ 33 (47%) | 78.2 ± 7.9 when they completed PiB PET, and 76.4 ± 8.0 (range 53 – 91) when they completed sleep measures | Standardized interview of mean number of hours of sleep obtained each night during the prior month using the following response options: "more than 7"; "more than 6, up to 7"; "more than S, up to 6"; or "5 or fewer." | 4 weeks | [C-11] PiB PET derived DVR | Age, sex, race, APOE ε4, depressive symptoms, BMI, cardiovascular or pulmonary disease, and use of sleep medication (any vs. none) |
Spira (2014) [39] | Cross-sectional | From other studies or the community in Baltimore, MD, USA | 13/6 (46%) | Normal = 69.4 ± 5.6 ;MCI = 75.2 ± 11.3 | PSG | 2 nights (The first night was for adaptation only second night data were used.) | 18 F-florbetapir-PET Brain Imaging derived DVR | Age, sex, BMI |
Sprecher (2015) [40] | Cross-sectional | Wisconsin Registry for AD (WRAP), USA | 98/ 66 (67%) | Age at PiB PET scan = 62.4 ± 5.7; Age at sleep assessment 63.0 ± 5.6 | Self -report Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Scale | 4 weeks | [C-11] PiB PET derived DVR | Age, sex, APOE ε4, family history of Alzheimer's Disease, BMI |
Brown (2016) [41] | Cross-sectional | Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Life- style (AIBL) study of aging, Australia | 184/108 (59%) | 75.5 ± 6.1 | PSQI | 4 weeks | [C-11] PiB PET derived SUV, 18F-flutemetamol (FLUTE) derived SUVr, and 18F-florbetapir (FBP) derived SUVr | Age at PET scan, sex, years of education, depressive symptoms, time between sleep assessment and PET scan, Aβ burden, MMSE, BMI |
Varga (2016) [42] | Cross-sectional | Community dwelling older adults from New York City Area, USA | 36/19 (54%) | 66.8 ± 8.2 | PSG | 1 night | CSF measured Aβ40 and Aβ42 | Age, sex, APOE ε4, education, SWS duration, %TST in SWS, mean SWS bout length, total SWA, SWA in NREM cycles 1–4, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, medial prefrontal cortex volume |
Hwang (2018) [43] | Cross-sectional | Brain Aging Study, Korea | 133/71 (53%) | 68.05 ± 7.68 | Actigraphy (Actiwatch 2, Phillips Respironics, Murrysville, PA) | 8 days | [C-11] PiB PET derived SUVr | Age, sex, depression symptoms, APOE ε4, selected actigraphic sleep and circadian variables |
Gabelle (2019) [44] | Cross-sectional | MAPT-AAV45 sleep ancillary study, France | 143/56 (39%) | median: 73 [70-85] | Standardized interview | 4 weeks | 18 F-florbetapir-PET Brain Imaging derived SUVr | APOE ε4, depression |
Ettore (2019) [45] | Cross-sectional | INveStIGation of Alzheimer’s Predictors in Subjective Memory Complainers (INSIGHT)-preAD Study, Italy | 68/48 (71%) | 76.67 ± 3.52 | Actigraphy (GT3X) | 7 days | 18 F-florbetapir-PET Brain Imaging derived SUVr | Age, sex, depression, MMSE |
Lysen (2020) [46] | Cross-sectional | prospective Rotterdam Study cohort, Netherlands | Total sample: 4712/2700 (57%) Actigraphy sample: 849/433 (51%) | 72 ± 8 | PSQI/ Actigraphy | 8 days | Plasma measured Aβ40 and Aβ42 | Age, sex, education, presence of self-reported paid employment, time interval between measurements of sleep and biomarker, possible sleep apnea, batch number of biomarker analysis, habitual alcohol consumption, smoking status, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, T-cholesterol previous history of heart disease |
Winer (2021) [47] | Cross-sectional | Anti-Amyloid Treatment in Asymptomatic Alzheimer Disease (A4) study, US, Canada, Australia, and Japan | 4417/2618 (59%) | 71.3 ± 4.8 | Standardized interview question of "average total number of hours slept at night" | N/A | 18 F-florbetapir-PET Brain Imaging derived DVR | Age, sex, years of education, self-identified race/ethnicity, number of APOE ε2 alleles, and number of APOE ε4 alleles |
Liu (2021) [48] | Cross-sectional | Cognitive Disorders Clinics in the First People's Hospital of Foshan and communities, China | 305/ 182 (60%) | 69.07 ± 6.37 | PSQI | 4 weeks | Plasma measured Aβ40 and Aβ42 | Model 1: Age, sex, education Model 2: APOE ε4, depressive symptoms, MMSE, BMI, exercise frequency, diabetes, hypertension, triglyceride, fasting blood glucose |
Fu (2022) [49] | Cross-sectional | Chinese Alzheimer’s Biomarker and Lifestyle study, China | 974/410 (42%) | 61.6 ± 10.3 | PSQI | 4 weeks | CSF measured Aβ40 and Aβ42, phosphorylated tau (P-tau) | Age, sex, education, APOE ε4 status, hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, smoking and drinking |
Chu (2023) [50] | Cross-sectional | Community dwelling older adults from Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine | 335/209 (62%) | 64.4 ± 7.8 | PSQI | 4 weeks | 18 F-florbetapir-PET Brain Imaging derived DVR and plasma measured Aβ40 and Aβ42 | Age, sex, education, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, APOE ε4 status, Chinese version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Basic, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, Aβ42/40, neurofilament light chain, sleep duration > 8 h, sleep disturbance |
Blackman (2023) [51] | cross-sectional and longitudinal | European Prevention of Alzheimer’s Dementia Longitudinal Cohort Study, Europe | 1168 (Subsample with longitudinal data = 332) /678 (58%) | 64.7 ± 7.1 | PSQI | 4 weeks | CSF measured Aβ42 | age, sex, research site and APOE-ɛ4 status (carriers versus non-carriers) |
First author(year) | Exposure categories | Outcome Definition | Results | Quantitative synthesis | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sleep Duration and Amyloid/ Sleep Efficiency and Amyloid | Sleep duration | Sleep efficiency | |||
Ju (2013) [37] | Continuous | Aβ positive: Aβ 42 > 500 pg/ml | No significant association between actigraphy measured sleep duration and CSF Aβ42 levels; No differences in sleep duration between Aβ 42 > 500 pg/ml group and Aβ 42 ≤ 500 pg/ml group / Aβ 42 > 500 pg/ml had significantly higher sleep efficiency (83.7%) than those with Aβ 42 ≤ 500 pg/ml (80/4%) | Yes | Yes |
Spira (2013) [38] | Continuous (“more than 7”; “more than 6, up to 7”; “more than 5, up to 6”; or “5 or fewer” were coded in 0 to 5) | Continuous | Shorter sleep duration was associated with greater Aβ levels, measured by mean cortical DVR (cDVR; B = 0.08, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.03, 0.14, p = 0.005) and precuneus DVR (B = 0.11, 95% CI 0.03, 0.18, p = 0.007) /No report of the association between sleep efficiency and Aβ levels | Yes | No |
Spira [39] | Continuous | Continuous | No significant association between sleep duration and Aβ levels / No report of association between sleep efficiency and Aβ levels | Yes | No |
Sprecher (2015) [40] | Continuous | Continuous | No significant association between sleep duration and Aβ levels / No report of association between sleep efficiency and Aβ levels | Yes | No |
Brown (2016) [41] | Continuous | Continuous | No significant association between sleep duration and brain Aβ burden. In addition, Sleep duration did not modulate the relationship between APOE e4 status and Aβ burden / No significant association between sleep duration and brain Aβ burden. In addition, Sleep efficiency did not modulate the relationship between APOE e4 status and Aβ burden | Yes | Yes |
Varga (2016) [42] | Continuous | Continuous and Amyloid positive: CSF Aβ42 > 536.9 pg/mL) | No significant association between total sleep time and CSF Aβ42. No mean differences between Aβ positive and Aβ negative groups No significant association between total sleep efficiency and CSF Aβ42 | Yes | Yes |
Hwang (2018) [43] | Continuous | Aβ positive: SUVr > 1.21 | No significant association between sleep duration and Aβ positivity No significant association between sleep efficiency and Aβ positivity | No | No |
Gabelle (2019) [44] | Sleep duration (as a continuous variable, and categorized into < 6; 6–7; ≥ 7 h per night); sleep efficiency (less than 82.35%; 82.35%-93.75%; ≥ 93.75%) | Aβ positive: SUVr > 1.17 and SUVr > 1.22 | No significant association between nighttime sleep duration (as a continuous variable or categorized into < 6; 6–7; ≥ 7 h per night) and Aβ positivity / No significant association sleep efficiency (as a continuous variable or categorized into < 82.35%; 82.35%-93.75%; ≥ 93.75%) and Aβ positivity | Yes | Yes |
Ettore (2019) [45] | Continuous | Aβ positive: SUVr > 0.7918 | No significant association between positive Aβ status and total sleep time / Significantly lower sleep efficiency (83.49%) in Aβ positive group (90.72%) than those with Aβ negative The sleep efficiency was associated with odds of having Aβ positivity (adjusted OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.44 ~ 0.72, p < 0.001) | Yes | Yes |
Lysen (2020) [45] | Continuous | Continuous | No significant association between self-reported or actigraphically measured sleep duration and plasma Aβ levels No significant association between self-reported or actigraphically measured sleep efficiency and plasma Aβ levels | Yes | Yes |
Winer (2021) [47] | Grouped by short sleep duration: less than or equal to 6 h, normal sleep duration: 7–8 h, and long sleep duration: more than or equal to 9 h | Continuous | Self-reported shorter sleep duration was linearly associated with higher Aβ levels (β [SE] = –0.01 [0.00]; P = .005). No difference in Aβ was found between long and normal sleep duration groups (β [SE] = 0.00 [0.01]; P = .99) / No report on the sleep efficiency | Yes | No |
Liu (2021) [48] | Continuous Sleep duration (more than 7; 6–7; less than 6) Sleep efficiency (less than 65%; 65–74%; 75- 84%; ≥ 85%) | Continuous | Sleep duration was negatively associated with plasma Aβ42 level (β = − 0.267, 95% CI − 0.450 ~ − 0.084, p = 0.005) and Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio (β = − 0.058, 95% CI − 0.077 ~ − 0.039, p < 0.001) Sleeping less than 6 h was associated plasma Aβ42 level (β = 0.647, 95% CI 0.25 ~ 1.043, p = 0.0002) compared to sleeping longer than 7 h /Sleep efficiency was negatively associated with plasma Aβ42 level (β = − 0.025, 95% CI − 0.037 ~ − 0.013, p = 0.001) and Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio (β = − 0.004, 95% CI − 0.005 ~ − 0.002, p < 0.001) Having less than 65% of sleep efficiency is positively associated (β = 0.125, 95% CI 0.077 ~ 0.173, p < 0.001) with plasma Aβ42 level compared to sleep efficiency greater or equal to 85% Having sleep efficiency between 65% and 74 is positively associated (β = 0.0.059, 95% CI 0.016 ~ 0.102, p = 0.008) with plasma Aβ42 level compared to sleep efficiency greater or equal to 85% | Yes | Yes |
Fu (2022) [49] | Continuous | Continuous | Sleep duration was significantly associated with plasma Aβ42 level (β = 2.71E-03; P = p < 0.01). *Nonlinear relationships /No report of the association between sleep efficiency and plasma Aβ42 level | No | No |
Chu (2023) [50] | Sleep duration greater than 8 h (yes/no) for multivariate analysis and continuous for correlational analysis | Aβ positive based on visual rating and continuous for correlational analysis | Sleeping more than 8 h were associated with developing Aβ positive (OR = 4.167, p = 0.020) Sleep duration was not associated with Aβ42, Aβ40, or Aβ40/42 Sleep efficiency was not associated with Aβ42, Aβ40, or Aβ40/42 | Yes | Yes |
Blackman (2023) [51] | Sleep duration (categorized into < 5 h; 5-6 h; 6–7 h; ≥ 7 h per night); Sleep efficiency (categorized into < 65%;65–74%; 75–84%; ≥ 85%) | Aβ-positive: CSF Aβ42 < 1000 pg/ml | Cross-sectional analyses: Sleep efficiency was not associated with CSFAβ42 Longitudinal analyses: Sleep duration was not associated with CSFAβ42 Cross-sectional analyses: Sleep efficiency was not associated with CSF Aβ42 Longitudinal analyses: Sleep efficiency was not associated with CSF Aβ42 | Yes | Yes |
Model
|
Effect size and 95% confidence interval
|
Test of null (2-Tail)
|
Prediction Interval
|
Between-study
|
Other heterogeneity statistics
| |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model |
Number Studies
|
Point estimate
|
Standard error
|
Variance
|
Lower limit
|
Upper limit
|
Z-value
|
P-value
|
Lower limit
|
Upper limit
|
Tau
|
TauSq
|
Q-value
|
df (Q)
|
P-value
|
I-squared
|
Sleep duration and Aβ | ||||||||||||||||
Overall |
13
|
-0.055
|
0.032
|
0.001
|
-0.117
|
0.008
|
-1.720
|
0.085
|
-0.247
|
0.138
|
0.082
|
0.007
|
44.44
|
12
|
0.000
|
72.99
|
Objective sleep |
5
|
0.002
|
0.056
|
0.003
|
-0.108
|
0.113
|
0.038
|
0.969
|
-0.188
|
0.192
|
0.066
|
0.004
|
4.005
|
4
|
0.405
|
0.13
|
Subjective Sleep |
9
|
-0.062
|
0.029
|
0.001
|
-0.119
|
-0.005
|
-2.146
|
0.032
|
-0.220
|
0.096
|
0.066
|
0.004
|
42.920
|
8
|
0.000
|
81.36
|
Sleep efficiency and Aβ | ||||||||||||||||
Overall |
9
|
0.048
|
0.058
|
0.003
|
-0.066
|
0.161
|
0.823
|
0.410
|
-0.342
|
0.437
|
0.154
|
0.024
|
66.532
|
8
|
0.000
|
87.98
|
Objective sleep |
5
|
0.085
|
0.071
|
0.005
|
-0.054
|
0.225
|
1.199
|
0.230
|
-0.252
|
0.422
|
0.128
|
0.016
|
65.16
|
4
|
0.000
|
93.86
|
Subjective sleep |
5
|
-0.007
|
0.061
|
0.004
|
-0.126
|
0.113
|
-0.107
|
0.915
|
-0.333
|
0.320
|
0.128
|
0.016
|
3.645
|
4
|
0.456
|
0.00
|