pISSN 1738-6586   eISSN 2005-5013
Open Access, Peer-reviewed
    J Clin Neurol. 2020 Apr;16(2):277-284. English.
    Published online Apr 02, 2020.
    https://doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2020.16.2.277
    Copyright © 2020 Korean Neurological Association
    Original Article

    Dissociated Results between Caloric and Video Head Impulse Tests in Dizziness: Prevalence, Pattern, Lesion Location, and Etiology

    Ju-Young Lee,a Eunjin Kwon,b Hyo-Jung Kim,c Jeong-Yoon Choi,b Hui Jong Oh,d Ja-Won Koo,e and Ji-Soo Kimb
      • aDepartment of Neurology, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
      • bDizziness Center, Clinical Neuroscience Center, and Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
      • cResearch Administration Team, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
      • dThe MTV (Migraine, Tinnitus, and Vertigo) Clinic, Oh Neurology Center, Daegu, Korea.
      • eDizziness Center and Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
    • Correspondence: Jeong-Yoon Choi, MD, PhD. Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea. Tel +82-31-787-7562, Fax +82-31-787-4059, Email: saideiju@gmail.com
    Received September 16, 2019; Revised December 03, 2019; Accepted December 05, 2019.

    This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

    Abstract

    Background and Purpose

    This study was designed to determine the prevalence, pattern, lesion location, and etiology of dissociation in the results of the bithermal caloric test and the horizontal video head impulse test (vHIT) in dizzy patients with various etiologies and disease durations.

    Methods

    We analyzed the results of bithermal caloric tests and vHITs performed over 26 months in 893 consecutive patients who underwent both tests within a 10-day period.

    Results

    Dissociation in the results of the two tests was found in 162 (18.1%) patients. Among them, 123 (75.9%) had abnormal caloric tests (unilateral paresis in 118 and bilateral paresis in 5) but normal vHITs. Peripheral lesions were identified in 105 (85.4%) of these patients, with the main underlying diseases being Meniere's disease (62/105, 59%) and vestibular neuritis/labyrinthitis (29/105, 27.6%). In contrast, central pathologies of diverse etiologies were found only in 18 (14.6%) patients. Abnormal vHIT (bilaterally positive in 18, unilaterally positive in 19, and hyperactive in 2) and normal caloric responses were found in 39 patients, with an equal prevalence of central (n=19) and peripheral (n=20) lesions. The peripheral lesions included vestibular neuritis/labyrinthitis in seven patients and Meniere's disease in another seven. The central lesions had diverse etiologies.

    Conclusions

    Dissociation in the results between caloric tests and horizontal vHITs is not uncommon. The present patients with abnormal caloric tests and normal vHITs mostly had peripheral lesions, while central lesions were likely to underlie those with abnormal vHITs and normal caloric tests.

    Keywords
    vertigo; vestibulo-ocular reflex; caloric test; head impulse test; vestibular diseases

    INTRODUCTION

    The bithermal caloric test is the traditional tool used to evaluate the function of horizontal semicircular canals.1 The more-recent video head impulse test (vHIT) allows moreconvenient evaluations of the horizontal angular vestibulo-ocular reflex (AVOR) during high-velocity and high-acceleration stimuli.2, 3 Both tests usually produce concordant results for the horizontal AVOR functions, but may show dissociated results in certain pathological conditions.4 For example, vestibular neuritis may produce an abnormal horizontal vHIT but a normal caloric test during the acute phase.5 Central lesions may also produce an abnormal horizontal vHIT with preserved caloric responses.6, 7, 8 Conversely, abnormal caloric responses but a normal horizontal vHIT may be observed in Meniere's disease9, 10, 11 and chronic vestibular neuritis.12 These dissociated results between the caloric test and the horizontal vHIT have also been reported in other vestibular disorders.13 This means that the dissociated results between the tests might be a surrogate marker for specific vestibular disorders or lesion location, but previous suggestions for their utilization in this way have mostly been based on small numbers of patients with specific disorders. This study explored the actual prevalence, pattern, lesion location, and etiology of dissociation in the results of caloric tests and vHITs in a large number of consecutive patients with dizziness.

    METHODS

    Patients and evaluation

    The study protocol, which included no requirement to obtain patient consent, was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (B-1810-499-109). For a period of 26 months from March 2016 to May 2018, we recruited consecutive patients who underwent both a caloric test and a vHIT from the registry of the Dizziness Center in Seoul National University Bundang Hospital. Initially, 1,088 patients with dizziness were screened. When the number of patients were plotted as a function of the interval between the studies, the screened patients could clearly be divided into 2 groups: 1) most of them (899 patients) had a peak for an interval of 0 days with a tail at 10 days, while 2) the others were dispersed widely, with a mean interval of 68.8 days. Considering that tests performed with an interval longer than 10 days would not reflect the same functional status of the semicircular canals, we excluded the 189 patients with test interval of 10 days or more. A further 6 with an unreliable caloric test or vHIT were also excluded, and so 893 patients were finally enrolled in the study. The interval between the tests was 0.8±1.5 days (mean plus-minus standard deviation; median=0 days, interquartile range=0–1 day). Patients who had concordant results in the two tests (i.e., normal or abnormal in both tests) were further excluded, and finally the patients with dissociated results between caloric tests and horizontal vHITs were included in the analyses. These patients were further classified into the abnormal caloric or the abnormal vHIT group (Fig. 1).

    Fig. 1
    Flow chart of patient inclusion.

    The protocols of the caloric tests and vHITs of our dizziness center are described elsewhere.14 We defined the cutoff value for a caloric abnormality as more than 25% of caloric paresis according to Jongkee's formula, or less than 20°/s of the sum of four absolute slow-eye velocities obtained from both ears with bithermal irrigation.14, 15 An abnormal horizontal vHIT was defined as a gain less than 0.8 or more than 1.2 with corrective catch-up or back-up saccades. The vHIT gain was calculated as the ratio of the eye velocity relative to the head velocity during a 40-ms window centered at the peak head acceleration.14 In addition to the absolute vHIT gain, we also calculated the asymmetry index (AI) for the vHIT gain following a previously described method.8 Other evaluations for audiovestibular functions included pure-tone audiometry, cervical and ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials, subjective visual vertical, and the rotational chair test were performed on a selective basis. Brain or internal auditory canal MRI was additionally performed in selected patients.

    Pattern of dissociation, etiology, and lesion location

    The patients with abnormal caloric tests were subdivided into unilateral and bilateral paresis groups. The patients with abnormal horizontal vHITs were divided into bilaterally positive, unilaterally positive, and hyperactive vHIT groups.

    For the etiological evaluation, we initially collected the diagnoses of patients from the registry. Then, to increase the diagnostic accuracy, two authors (J.Y. Lee and J.Y. Choi) reviewed the medical records, history, and imaging and laboratory findings of the patients. All etiologies were categorized into either central or peripheral vestibulopathy according to the extent of the lesions. Patients who had both peripheral and central lesions were classified into central vestibulopathy. For example, a vestibular schwannoma or herpes zoster oticus were classified as central vestibulopathy when MRI or ocular motor findings were suggestive of cerebellar or brainstem involvement. The central signs in ocular motor findings were gaze-evoked nystagmus or saccadic pulse-step mismatch, as suggested previously.16 The etiological diagnosis for each condition was as follows. The diagnosis of vestibular neuritis was made only when the patients had first-ever spontaneous vertigo lasting for longer than 24 hours, spontaneous horizontal and torsional nystagmus beating in the direction opposite to the positive vHIT (gain <0.8), and/or caloric weakness (>25%), without hearing loss or central signs.17 The stage of vestibular neuritis was divided into acute, subacute, and chronic phases. Acute and subacute phases were defined in this study as within 4 days and 5–14 days after onset, respectively. Chronic vestibular neuritis was defined when the patients still had not recovered fully from dizziness at >2 weeks after the disease onset. Meniere's disease and bilateral vestibulopathy were diagnosed in accordance with previously proposed criteria.18

    Statistical analysis

    The degree of caloric paresis, the vHIT gain, and the AI of the horizontal vHIT gain were estimated and compared in each subgroup according to the lesion locations, except when the subgroup contained fewer than five patients. To compare categorical or continuous values between different subgroups, we applied the chi-square or Mann-Whitney test, with the criterion for statistical significance being a p value of <0.05. All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS for Windows, version 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Data are presented in the tables as mean±standard deviation or median and interquartile range values. However, data are only presented as mean±standard deviation values in the text for the sake of readability.

    RESULTS

    Prevalence of dissociation in the results between caloric tests and horizontal vHITs

    Most of the patients showed consistent results in the caloric test and vHIT, being normal on both tests in 571 (63.9%) and abnormal on both tests in 160 (17.9%). Thus, dissociated results between the two tests were found in 162 (18.1%) patients: an abnormal caloric test but a normal vHIT in 123 (75.9%), and a normal caloric test but an abnormal vHIT in 39 (24.1%).

    Abnormal caloric test group: pattern, etiology, and lesion location

    The 123 patients in the abnormal caloric test group comprised 118 with unilateral caloric paresis and 5 with bilateral caloric paresis. Peripheral vestibulopathy predominated over central vestibulopathy (85.4% vs. 14.6%, p<0.001) in this group. The etiologies and the results of the caloric tests and vHITs in this group are presented in Tables 1 and 2.

    Table 1
    Etiology and lesions for the dissociation between caloric tests and vHITs

    Table 2
    Parameters for caloric tests and vHITs according to the subgroup and lesion location

    Unilateral caloric paresis group (n=118)

    The caloric paresis was 50.0±20.9% in this group. In contrast, the horizontal vHIT gain was 1.00±0.08 to the lesion side and 1.00±0.06 to the intact side. Peripheral and central vestibulopathies were diagnosed in 101 (85.6%) and 17 (14.4%) of the patients, respectively (p<0.001), but the degree of caloric paresis did not differ between them (49.7±21.0% vs. 48.8±21.9%, p=0.788). However, the AI of the horizontal vHIT gain was smaller in patients with peripheral vestibulopathy than in those with central vestibulopathy (3.0±3.3% vs. 5.3±3.6%, p=0.007), and the difference resulted from a higher horizontal vHIT gain to the lesion side in peripheral vestibulopathy than in central vestibulopathy (1.00±0.08 vs. 0.94±0.08, p=0.004). In contrast, the horizontal vHIT gain to the intact side did not differ significantly between the peripheral and central vestibulopathies (1.03±0.06 vs. 1.03±0.06, p=0.687). The peripheral vestibulopathies mainly comprised 58 cases of Meniere's disease (51 with definite and 7 with possible) with a duration of 1,174±1,519.3 days and 29 vestibular neuritis/labyrinthitis mostly in the chronic phases. The central vestibulopathies included seven patients with stroke, four with meningoencephalitis, and three with degenerative disorders.

    Bilateral caloric paresis (n=5)

    The horizontal vHIT gain was 1.02±0.11 in the right ear and 0.99±0.07 in the left ear in the five patients with bilateral caloric paresis. The AI of the horizontal vHIT gain was 3.0±2.0%. The underlying etiology was Meniere's disease in four patients and cerebellar ataxia with vestibular areflexia in the fifth.

    Abnormal horizontal vHIT group: pattern, etiology, and lesion location

    The 39 patients in the abnormal horizontal vHIT group comprised 18 with bilaterally positive vHIT, 19 with unilaterally positive vHIT, and 2 with hyperactive horizontal vHIT. Diagnoses of peripheral and central vestibulopathies were made in 20 and 19 patients, respectively. Except for a hyperactive vHIT that solely belonged to central vestibulopathy, the proportions of peripheral and central vestibulopathies were comparable in the patients with bilaterally and unilaterally positive vHITs. The underlying etiologies and results of the caloric tests and vHITs are presented in Tables 1 and 2.

    Bilaterally positive vHIT (n=18)

    The horizontal vHIT gain was 0.69±0.10 to the right and 0.63±0.10 to the left. The AI of the horizontal vHIT gain was 5.3±4.7% in this subgroup. Nine of these patients had peripheral vestibulopathy and the other nine had central vestibulopathy. Meniere's disease was the main cause of peripheral vestibulopathy (n=6, 66%), and its duration was 918.0±820.9 days. Two of the nine patients with peripheral lesions satisfied the criteria for bilateral vestibulopathy (one with Meniere's disease and the other had idiopathic vestibulopathy). Four of the patients with central vestibulopathy had inflammatory disorders such as meningoencephalitis and neuromyelitis optica. The horizontal vHIT gain did not differ between the peripheral and central vestibulopathies (0.69±0.08 vs. 0.63±0.10, p=0.101).

    Unilaterally positive vHIT (n=19)

    The vHIT gain was 0.95±0.10 to the normal side and 0.65±0.15 to the abnormal side. The AI of the horizontal vHIT gain was 19.8±16.4%. This subgroup comprised 11 patients (57.9%) with peripheral vestibulopathy and 8 (42.1%) with central vestibulopathy (p=0.491). Vestibular neuritis/labyrinthitis was the most-common peripheral etiology (n=7, 63.6%). There was only one case of Meniere's disease, and its duration was <240 days. In contrast, the central etiologies included similar numbers of strokes, tumors, and degenerative disorders. The horizontal vHIT gains to the normal side were 0.97±0.11 and 0.92±0.10 in patients with peripheral and central vestibulopathies, respectively (p=0.206), while the gains to the abnormal side were 0.62±0.18 and 0.69±0.09 (p=0.492). The AI of the vHIT gain did not differ between the peripheral and central vestibulopathies (23.3±20.2% vs. 14.0±7.2%, p=0.395), and there was also no difference in caloric paresis (9.6±8.2% vs. 11.4±7.7%, p=0.840).

    Hyperactive vHIT (n=2)

    These two patients had bilaterally increased gains with corrective back-up saccades. The gain on both sides and the AI of the vHIT ranged from 1.21 to 1.40 and from 0 to 0.02, respectively. One patient had a degenerative disorder and the other had meningoencephalitis.

    DISCUSSION

    This study defined the prevalence, patterns, lesion locations, and etiologies in a large number of patients with dizziness and dissociated results between caloric tests and vHITs. Dissociated results were observed in about one out of every six patients with dizziness. The prevalence was three times higher than that (5.9%) found in a recent study.19 This discrepancy may have resulted from differences in the study populations, given that the present study included a higher proportion of patients with central lesions from various etiologies. We found that patients with abnormal caloric tests but normal horizontal vHITs usually have peripheral lesions, while those with abnormal horizontal vHITs but normal caloric tests are at an increased risk of central lesions.

    Unilateral caloric paresis was mostly attributable to peripheral lesions in the abnormal caloric group. However, there were also a few central lesions with a degree of caloric paresis similar to those of peripheral lesions. This suggests that the interpretation of this type of dissociation should be based on other associated neurological findings. The most-common etiology in peripheral lesions was Meniere's disease, followed by chronic vestibular neuritis/labyrinthitis. The dissociation in Meniere's disease may result from local convection flow of the endolymph during caloric stimulation due to hydrostatic expansion of the endolymph space,11 or from the vulnerability of type II hair cells in Meniere's disease.20 Indeed, the neural pathway that is mainly involved in low-frequency or low-acceleration and velocity stimuli during caloric stimulation are the connections from type II hair cells to regular vestibular afferents.21, 22

    In chronic vestibulopathy, the predominant vestibular compensation for high-frequency stimuli associated with daily activities may enhance the recovery of head impulse AVOR behavior but not the recovery of caloric responses.12 Likewise, the mechanism underlying this dissociation in central lesions might be an ongoing compensation for high-frequency AVOR after an insult.12 The lesions in stroke patients mostly occur in the lower brainstem and involve the vestibular nerve root or nucleus. Therefore, both the caloric test and horizontal vHIT would initially be abnormal in these patients,23 but high-frequency AVOR might improve earlier during the recovery. This would also account for the dissociation observed in other central lesions with the clinical course of progression, stabilization, and adaptation. However, the heterogeneity of the etiology, lesion locations, and stage at evaluation make it very difficult to draw definitive conclusions. One particularly interesting observation was that the patients with peripheral lesions had a smaller AI of the horizontal vHIT gain, possibly due to the horizontal vHIT gain being higher on the side of smaller caloric responses than that in patients with central lesions. This small difference might not help in distinguishing between peripheral and central lesions, but the lower vHIT gain to the side of caloric paresis in central lesions would reflect the importance of central mechanisms in normal head impulse behavior.24, 25 Bilateral caloric paresis was relatively rare in the abnormal caloric test group, and the main cause was bilateral vestibulopathy associated with Meniere's disease, as expected from the findings for unilateral caloric paresis.

    Another dissociation pattern was an abnormal vHIT and a normal caloric test. This type of dissociation may be further categorized into three subgroups. Patients in the first and second subgroups exhibited a decrease in the vHIT gain bilaterally or unilaterally and comprised a similar proportion of peripheral and central lesions in each subgroup. The gain in the bilaterally positive vHIT subgroup was around 0.6 to 0.7 in either direction regardless of the lesion location. The vHIT gain in the unilaterally positive vHIT subgroup did not differ between peripheral and central lesions. It was therefore reasonable to suspect the presence of central pathologies in these subgroups of patients.

    It is noteworthy that there was substantial difference in the etiology between bilaterally and unilaterally positive vHIT subgroups in both peripheral and central lesions. In peripheral lesions, Meniere's disease was the main cause in patients with bilaterally positive vHITs, while vestibular neuritis was mostly responsible for unilaterally positive vHITs. This contrasts with the findings of Meniere's disease in the abnormal caloric test group. Meniere's disease is one of the main causes of bilateral vestibulopathy,26 which means that it may result in ongoing deterioration of the vestibular function. Indeed, the duration of Meniere's disease seems to be longer in a bilaterally positive vHIT than in a unilaterally positive vHIT (1,174 days vs. 240 days), although no statistical comparison was possible because there was only one subject with Meniere's disease in the unilateral vHIT group. Therefore, a bilaterally positive vHIT and relatively spared caloric responses may be observed when the pathological changes are not sufficient to decrease the caloric responses to meet the criterion of bilateral vestibulopathy (i.e., total sum of four absolute peak slow eye velocities <20°/s).

    A unilaterally positive vHIT with normal caloric responses is unusual in vestibular neuritis/labyrinthitis. However, the inflammation may gradually worsen and the vestibular function may vary according to the severity of inflammation and the vulnerability of neural structures.5 Given that a normal head impulse AVOR requires weighted neuronal responses over the peripheral and central vestibular systems, which represents a greater coordination of different mechanisms compared to that required for normal caloric responses,24 partial damage of the vestibular nerve during the early phase of inflammation may result in an abnormal vHIT with normal caloric responses.5 However, this dissociation might instead be attributable to different parameter for determining abnormalities of vHITs and caloric tests. Indeed, unilateral caloric paresis is determined by a difference in the responses between the ears. Thus, when the damage to one ear was mild, the caloric paresis would not reach the threshold for abnormality. Indeed, the AI of the vHIT gain calculated by the same method for caloric paresis did not reach 25% in this subgroup.

    The etiology also differed between the bilaterally and unilaterally positive vHIT subgroups in central lesions. Diffuse brain lesions resulting from meningoencephalitis, Wernicke's encephalopathy, and metastatic carcinomatosis were common in the bilateral subgroup, while circumscribed lesions including strokes or tumors were common in the unilateral group. Another subgroup of abnormal vHITs showed hyperactive results that have been considered a sign of diffuse cerebellar dysfunction.24 Like in previous observations,27, 28 the etiology of hyperactive vHITs in this study also included degenerative or inflammatory disorders.

    This study was subject to some limitations. Inherent bias is inevitable in any study with a retrospective design despite the use of consecutively collected registry data. As we found in Meniere's disease and vestibular neuritis patients, the results of vHITs and caloric tests depend on the disease duration. However, temporal evolution in the patterns of dissociation could not be addressed due to the cross-sectional study design. Thus, clinicians should consider the etiology as well as the stage of each disorder when interpreting the results of vHITs and caloric tests, and remember that the mechanisms of dissociation in various subgroups remain uncertain.

    In conclusion, dissociation in the results between caloric tests and vHITs is not uncommon in patients with dizziness. Cases of abnormal caloric tests and normal vHITs were mostly attributable to peripheral lesions. In contrast, similar proportions of peripheral and central lesions were present in patients with abnormal horizontal vHITs and normal caloric tests, which underscores the need for careful evaluations of central pathologies.

    Notes

    Author Contributions:

    • Conceptualization: Jeong-Yoon Choi, Ji-Soo Kim, Hui Jong Oh.

    • Data curation: Jeong-Yoon Choi, Eunjin Kwon, Hyo-Jung Kim, Ja-Won Koo.

    • Formal analysis: Jeong-Yoon Choi, Ju-Young Lee.

    • Funding acquisition: Ji-Soo Kim, Jeong-Yoon Choi.

    • Investigation: Jeong-Yoon Choi, Ju-Young Lee, Eunjin Kwon, Hyo-Jung Kim.

    • Supervision: Ji-Soo Kim, Hui Jong Oh, Ja-Won Koo.

    • Writing—original draft: Jeong-Yoon Choi, Ju-Young Lee.

    • Writing—review & editing: Jeong-Yoon Choi, Ji-Soo Kim.

    Conflicts of Interest:Dr. JS Kim serves as an associate editor of Frontiers in Neuro-otology and on the editorial boards of the Journal of Korean Society of Clinical Neurophysiology, the Journal of Clinical Neurology, Frontiers in Neuroophthalmology, the Journal of Neuro-ophthalmology, the Journal of Vestibular Research, the Journal of Neurology, and Medicine. Others have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

    Acknowledgements

    This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (NRF-2017R1C1B1008582).

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    MeSH Terms
    Caloric Tests
    Dizziness*
    Head Impulse Test*
    Head*
    Humans
    Meniere Disease
    Paresis
    Pathology
    Prevalence*
    Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular
    Vertigo
    Vestibular Diseases
    Metrics
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