Background
Methods
Literature search strategy and study selection process
Data extraction process
Results
Application field
Reference, Year, Type of publication | Sensors, Brand | Placement and wearability | Target shoulder parameters, Performance | Gold standard | Task executed | Participants | Aim |
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Coley 2007, [29] Full-Text | IMU (n = 2), Analog Device (gyr: ADXRS 250, acc: ADXL 21 0) | Bilateral: humeri (posteriorly, distally) Adhesive patch | Sh ROM (HT joint angles), RMSE =5.81° Mean = 1.80° | Zebris CMS-HS | Sh FLX-EXT Sh AB-AD Sh IER | HS (n = 10), 25.1 ± 4.1 Y P (n = 10), 7 RC, 3 OA, 4 F, 6 M, 62.4 ± 10.4 Y | Find objective scores to assess shoulder function; to validate such scores comparing healthy and affected shoulders |
Coley 2008, [30] Full-Text | IMU (n = 4), Analog Device (gyr: ADXRS 250, acc: ADXL 21 0) | Bilateral: humeri (posteriorly, distally), thorax Adhesive patch | Sh ROM (HT joint angles) | – | Daily activities (8 h) | HS (n = 35) 32 ± 8 Y | Quantify usage of shoulder and the contribution of each shoulder in daily life activities |
Jolles 2011, [31] Full.Text | IMU (n = 4), Analog Device (gyr: ADXRS 250, acc: ADXL 21 0) | Bilateral: Humeri (distally, posteriorly), thorax (× 2) Adhesive patch | Sh ROM (HT joint angles), r = 0.61–0.80 | – | 7 activities of SST | P (n = 34) 27 RC, 7 OA 25 M, 9 F 57.5 ± 9.9 CG (n = 31) 17 M, 14 F 33.3 ± 8.0 | Validate clinically shoulder parameters in patients after surgery for GH OA and RC disease |
Duc 2013, [5] Full-Text | IMU (n = 3), Analog Device (gyr: ADXRS 250, acc: ADXL 210) | Bilateral: Humeri (distal, posterior), sternum Adhesive patch | Sh ROM (HT joint angles), r2 = 0.13-0.52 (CMS) r2 = 0.06-0.30 (DASH) r2 = 0.03-0.31 (SST) | – | Free movements, daily activities | HS (n = 41) 34 ± 9 Y P (n = 21) 53 ± 9 Y RC (unilateral) | Validate a method to detect movement of the humerus relative to the trunk and to provide outcomes parameters after shoulder surgery (frequency of arm movement and velocity) |
Körver 2014, [32] Full-Text | IMU (n = 2), Inertia-Link-2400-SKI, MicroStrain | Bilateral: Humerus (distal, posterior) Adhesive | Sh ROM (HT joint angles), r = 0.39 (DASH) r = 0.32 (SST) | – | Hand to the back, Hand behind the head | HS (n = 100) 37 M, 63 F 40.6 ± 15.7 Y P (n = 15) 5 M, 10 F 57.7 ± 10.4 Y, Subacromial impingement | Investigate about the correlation between subjective (clinical scale) and objective (IMU) assessment of shoulder ROM during a long-term period of follow-up |
Van Den Noort 2014, [33] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 4), Xsens MTw | Unilateral: Thorax, scapula, UA, FA Straps, skin tape | Sh ROM (HT and ST joint angles) | – | FLX (sagittal plane) and AB (frontal plane) with elb extended and thumb pointing up | HS (n = 20) 3 M, 17 F 36 ± 11 Y | Evaluate the intra- and inter-observer reliability and precision of 3D scapula kinematics |
Pichonnaz 2015, [34] Full-Text | IMU (n = 3), Analog Device (acc: ADXL 210, gyr: ADXRS 250) | Bilateral: Sternum, Humeri (posterior, distal) Skin tape | Sh ROM (HT joint angles) | – | Free movements (7 h) | HS (n = 41) 23 M, 18 F 34.1 ± 8.8 Y P (n = 21) 14 M, 7 F 53.3 ± 9 Y RC | Explore dominant and non-dominant arm usage as an indicator of UL function after rotator cuff repair during the first year after surgery |
Roldán-Jiménez e Cuesta-Vargas 2015, [35] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 4), InterSense InertiaCube3 | Unilateral: Sternum, humerus, scapula, FA (near wrist) adhesive tape and bandage | Sh ROM (HT and ST joint angles) | – | 180° sh AB and EXT with wri in neutral position and elb extended | HS (n = 11) 8 M, 3 F 24.7 ± 4.2 Y | Analyse UL angular mobility and linear acceleration in three anatomical axes |
Van Den Noort 2015, [36] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 4), Xsens MTw | Unilateral: Thorax, Scapula, UA, FA Straps, skin tape | Sh ROM (ST joint angles) | – | Humeral FLX (sagittal plane) and AB (frontal plane) with elb extended and thumb pointing up | P (n = 10) 8 M, 2 F 24–63 Y SD | Evaluate the change in 3D scapular kinematics using a single and double anatomical calibration with a scapular locator versus standard calibration; evaluate difference in 3D scapular kinematics between static posture and dynamic humeral elevation |
Roldán-Jiménez e Cuesta-Vargas 2016, [38] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 3), InterSense, InertiaCube3 | Unilateral: Humerus (middle third, slightly posterior), scapula, sternum Double-sided tape, elastic bandage | Sh ROM (GH and ST joint angles) | – | Sh AB (frontal plane) Sh FLX (sagittal plane) Wri in neutral position and elb extended | Young HS (n = 11), 18–35 Y 3 M, 8 F Adult HS (n = 14) > 40 Y 5 M, 9F | Analyze differences in shoulder kinematics in terms of angular mobility and linear acceleration related to age |
Wang 2017, [26] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 3), Adafruit FLORA 9-DOF | Unilateral: Shoulder (flat part of acromion), spine (C7-T1, T4-T5) Zipped vest, elastic strap with Velcro | Sh ROM (ST joint angles), RMSE ~ 3.57° | PST-55/110 series | 60 ° sh FLX with elb extended and thumb pointing up, place a cooking pot on a shelf, 40 ° sh EL in the scapular plane with elb extended and thumb pointing up, place a bottle of water on a shelf | P with musculoskeletal shoulder pain (n = 8) 3 M, 5 F 50 ± 6.44Y Physiotherapist (n = 5) | Evaluate usability of a smart garment-supported postural feedback scapular training in patients with musculoskeletal shoulder pain and in physiotherapists who take care patients with shoulder disorders |
Aslani 2018, [39] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 1), Bosh Sensortec BNO055 EMG, MyoWare Muscle Sensor | Unilateral: UA, deltoid (2 surface electrodes on each deltoid section) Band | Sh ROM (azimuthal and elevation angles) | – | Arm EL (medially, anteriorly, cranially, posteriorly, laterally) with elb fully extended | HS (n = 6) 4 M, 2 F 27.3 ± 3.4Y P (n = 1), M Frozen Sh 42 Y | Evaluate a measurements protocol to assess the performance of the shoulder by combining both ROM and electromyography measurements |
Carbonaro 2018, [40] Conference | M-IMU (n = 3), Xsens MTw | Unilateral: Sternum, FA (distal), scapula (similar to the configuration in [37]) Elastic bands | Sh ROM (GH and ST joint angles) | – | Extra-rotation, Arm AB (with different load) | HS (n = 5) | Test a digital application intended for tele-monitoring and tele-rehabilitation of the shoulder muscular-skeletal diseases |
Hurd 2018, [41] Full-Text | Acc buil.in ActiGraph (n = 2), ActiGraph GT3XP-BLE | Unilateral: Wrist, UA (mid-biceps level) Velcro strap | Sh ROM | – | ADL | P (n = 14) 7 M, 7 F 73 ± 6Y GH OA, RC disease | Evaluate changes in pain, self-reported function and objective measurement of upper limb activity after RSA |
Langohr 2018, [6] Full-Text | IMU (n = 5), YEI Technology | Bilateral: Sternum, UA (lateral aspects of the midhumerus), FA (dorsal aspect of the wrist) Shirt | Sh ROM (humeral elevation and plane of elevation angles) | – | Daily activities (1 day, monitoring of 11 ± 3 h) | P (n = 36) 73 ± 10 Y TSA, RTSA | Determine the total daily shoulder motion of patients after TSA and RTSA, compare the motion of the arthroplasty shoulder with that of the contralateral asymptomatic joint and compare the daily motion of TSA and RTSA shoulders |
Reference, Year, Type of publication | Sensors, Brand | Placement and wearability | Target shoulder parameters, Performance | Gold standard | Task executed | Participants | Aim |
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Bartalesi 2005, [8] Conference | Strain sensor, WACKER Ltd. (ELASTOSIL LR 3162 A/B) | Unilateral: Sensors’ segment series along right upper limb Shirt | Sh ROM | – | – | HS | Wearable garment able to reconstruct shoulder, wrist and elbow movement to correct stroke patients’ rehabilitation exercises |
Hester 2006, [42] Conference | Acc (n = 6) | Unilateral: thumb, index, back of the hand, FA and UA (medially), thorax Adhesive | Sh ROM | – | Reaching, prehension, manipulation | SP (n = 12) | Predict clinical scores of stroke patients’ motor abilities |
Zhou 2006, [43] Full-Text | IMU (n = 2), Xsens MT9B | Unilateral: Wrist (inwards), elbow (outwards) - | Sh orientation and position | – | FA FLX-EXT FA PR-SU, reach test | HS (n = 1, M) | Propose a data fusion algorithm to locate the shoulder joint without drift |
Willmann 2007, [44] Conference | M-IMU (n = 4), Philips | Unilateral: Torso, shoulder, UA, FA Garment | Sh ROM | – | – | HS | Provide a home system for upper limb rehabilitation in stroke patients |
Zhou 2008, [45] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 2), Xsens MT9B | Unilateral: FA (distally, near the wrist center), UA (laterally, on the line between the lateral epicondyle and the acromion process) Velcro straps | Sh orientation and position, RMSE = 2.5°-4.8° | CODA | reaching shrugging FA rotation | HS (n = 4, M) 20–40 Y | Validate data fusion algorithm |
Giorgino 2009, [46] Full-Text | Strain sensor (n = 19), WACKER Ltd. (ELASTOSIL LR 3162 A/B) | Unilateral: Sensors’ sensing segments distributed over the UA, FA, shoulder, elbow, wrist Shirt | Sh ROM | – | GH FLX (sagittal plane) Lateral AB ER | HS (n = 1) | Describe a sensing garment for posture recognition in neurological rehabilitation |
Lee 2010, [47] Full-Text | Acc (n = 2), Freescale MMA7261 QT | Unilateral: UA, FA Velcro strap | Sh ROM, Mean error~0°-3.5° | gon | FLX-EXT (sagittal plane) | HS (n = 1) | Validate performance and accuracy of the system |
Chee Kian 2010, [48] Conference | OLE (n = 1) Acc (n = 1) | Unilateral: UA, elbow Adhesive patch | Sh ROM | IGS-190 | Cyclic movements with arm exerciser | HS (n = 1) | Validate feasibility and performance (accuracy, repeatability) of the proposed sensing system designed to assist stroke patients in upper limb home rehabilitation |
Patel 2010, [49] Full-Text | Acc (n = 6) | Unilateral: thumb, index, back of the hand, FA, UA, trunk - | Sh ROM | – | 8 activities of FAS | SP (n = 24) 57.5 ± 11.8 Y | Evaluate accuracy of FAS score obtained via analysis of the accelerometers data comparing such estimates with scores provided by an expert clinician using this scale |
Pérez 2010, [15] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 4), Xsens MTi | Unilateral: UA (18 cm from acromion), FA (25 cm from epicondyle), hand (5.5 cm from distal radio-cubital joint), back (position is not relevant) Strap | Sh ROM, r = 0.997 (for sh IR, after calibration) | BTS SMART-D | Sh FLX-EXT Sh horizontal AB-AD Sh IR Elb FLX Elb PR-SU Wri FLX-EXT Serving water from a jar | HS (n = 1, F) | Validate the system |
Bento 2011, [50] Conference | M-IMU (n = 4) | Bilateral: Shoulder, UA, wrist (affected and unaffected side) Strap | Sh orientation and position | – | FA to Table FA to box Extend elbow Hand to table Hand to box | SP (n = 5, M) 35–73 Y | Preliminary validation of a system able to quantify upper limb motor function in patients after neurological trauma |
Nguyen 2011, [51] Full-Text | OLE (n = 3) Acc (n = 3) | Unilateral: Shoulder, elbow, wrist Clothing module fixed with Velcro straps | Sh ROM, Test2: RMSE = 3.8° (gon), RMSE = 3.1° (SW) Test3: ICC = 0.975 (sh) | Test2: gon, Shape- Wrap | Test2: Bend and Flex elbow Test3: reaching task | Test2: HS (n = 3, M); Test3: HS (n = 5) | Validation of the proposed motion capture system |
Ding 2013, [52] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 2), Analog Device (acc: ADXL320), HoneyWell (magn: HMC1 053), Silicon Sensing System (gyr) | Unilateral: UA (distal, near elbow), FA (distal, near wrist) Velcro strap | Sh ROM | – | Replication of 10 reference arm posture | HS (n = 5) 20–27 Y | Check the feasibility of the proposed system which measures orientation and corrects upper limb posture using vibrotactile actuators |
Lee 2014, [53] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 7), Analog Device (acc:ADXL 345) InvenSense (gyr: ITG3200) Honeywell (magn: HMC5883L) | Bilateral: Back, UA, FA and hand Strap | Sh ROM, Test1: r = 0.963 Test2: RMSE< 5° | Test1: gon Test2: VICON | Sh FLX-EXT Sh AB Arm IER Elb FLX FA PR-SU Wri FLX-EXT Wri radial-ulnar deviation | SP (n = 5) 2 M, 3 F Mean age: 68 Y | Introduce a smartphone centric wireless wearable system able to automate joint ROM measurements and detect the type of activities in stroke patients |
Bai 2015, [54] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 4 or n = 1), Xsens MTx | Unilateral Scapula, UA, FA, back of the hand or only on UA Velfoam, Velcro straps | Sh ROM (upper limb segments orientation and position) | Test1: gon Test2: gon, VICON | Sh FLX-EXT Sh IER Sh AB-AD Elb FLX-EXT FA PR-SU Wri FLX-EXT Wri radial-ulnar deviation | HS (n = 10) 8 M, 2 F 20–38 Y P (n = 1), F 41 Y | Evaluate a four-sensor system and a one-sensor system, investigate whether these systems are able to obtain quantitative motion information from patients’ assessment during neurorehabilitation |
Ertzgaard 2016, [55] Full-Text | IMU (n = 5), Analog Device, Adis 16,350 | Bilateral: Back (upper body), UA and FA Strap | Sh ROM (HT joint angles), ICC = 0.768–0.985 | Coda | Movements that mimic activities of daily life | HS (n = 10) 2 M, 8 F 34.3 ± 13.1Y SP (n = 1), F, 43 Y | Validation study to characterize elbow and shoulder motion during functional task using a modified Exposure Variation Analysis (EVA) |
Lorussi 2016, [56] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 2), Xsens MTw Strain sensor (n = 1), Smartex | Unilateral: M-IMU sensors on sternum and UA Textile-based strain sensor on the back (from the spine to scapula) Shirt | Sh ROM (HT joint angle and scapular translation) | BTS SMART-DX | UA FLX (sagittal plane) UA AB (frontal plane) | HS (n = 5) | Validate sensors and data fusion algorithm to reconstruct scapular-humeral rhythm |
Mazamenos 2016, [57] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 2), Shimmer2r | Unilateral: UA (distal, near elbow), FA (distal, near wrist) Straps | Sh ROM (segments’ orientation and position) | – | EXP1: Reach and retrieve, lift object to mouth, rotate an object EXP2: preparing a cup of tea | HS (n = 18) M, F 25–50 Y SP (n = 4) M, F 45–73 Y | Evaluate the performance and robustness of a detection and discrimination algorithm of arm movements |
Jiang 2017, [58] Conference | Acc (n = 4), Analog Device ADXL362 EMG (n = 4), Analog Device AD8232 Temperature (n = 1) | Unilateral: along upper limb Shirt | Sh ROM | – | 4 typical joint actions performed in clinical assessment | HS (n = 1), M | Introduce an IoT-Bases upper limb rehabilitation assessment system for stroke patients |
Li 2017, [59] Full-Text | IMU (n = 2), InvenSense, MPU-9250 EMG (n = 10), American Imex, Dermatrode | Unilateral: IMU: UA, wrist EMG: FA (n = 8), UA (n = 2) Stretchable belt | Sh ROM | – | 11 tasks including: Sh FLX, Sh AB Wri FLX-EXT, Fetch and hold a ball or a cylindric roll, finger to nose, touch the back of the sh, FA PR-SU | HS (n = 16) 10 M, 6 F 36.25 ± 15.19Y SP (n = 18) 11 M, 7 F 55.28 ± 12.25 Y | Propose data fusion from IMU and surface EMG for quantitative motor function evaluation in stroke subjects |
Newman 2017, [60] Full-Text | IMU (n = 3), Gait Up SA Physilog4 | Bilateral: sternum, UA (posterior) Velcro straps, adhesive patch | Sh ROM (HT joint angles) | – | Reaching movements (lateral, forward, upward) | Children (n = 30) 10.6 ± 3.4 Y 17 boys, 13 girls | Test an IMU-based system to measure upper limb function in children with hemiparesis and its correlation with clinical scores |
Yang e Tan 2017, [61] Conference | M-IMU (n = 4), APDM Opal | Unilateral: Waist, thorax, UA (distal, near elbow), FA (distal, near elbow) Straps | Sh ROM (HT joint angles) | Optitrack | Movements related with waist joint, sh joint and elb joints to achieve joint rotation | HS (n = 2) | Validate the proposed motion tracking system |
Daunoraviciene 2018, [62] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 6), Shimmer | Bilateral: UA, FA, hand (on centres of mass) Strap | Sh ROM | – | FNT test (Sh EXT, sh AB, elb FLX, hand SU) | CG (n = 24) 7 M 31.14 ± 5.67 17 F 28 ± 3.97 MS-P (n = 34) 13 M 36.46 ± 13.07 21 F 42.19 ± 12.55 | Test a M-IMU based system to identify quantitative parameters for evaluation of UL disability and relate it to clinical scores |
Jung 2018, [63] Conference | M-IMU (n = 5), Xsens MTw Awinda | Bilateral: UA and FA, trunk Velcro straps | Sh ROM (HT join angles), RMSE = 0.32 for the estimation of movements qualities using data of the entire duration of movements | Quality of movements’ label provided by the therapist | Reaching exercise | SP (n = 5), F 66.6 ± 15.9 Y | Evaluate movements quality regarding compensation and inter-joint coordination; exploiting a supervised machine learning approach, validate the hypothesis that therapists’ evaluation can be made considering only the beginning movement data |
Lin 2018, [64] Full-Text | IMU (n = 2) | Unilateral: UA (distal, near elbow), FA (dorsal aspect of the wrist) Strap | Sh ROM | – | Sh FLX-EXT Sh AB Sh ER Elb FLX FA PR-SU | SP (n = 18): n = 9, control group (62.6 ± 7.1) n = 9, device group (52.2 ± 10.2 Y) | Evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of an IMU-based system for upper limb rehabilitation in stroke patients and compare the intervention effects with those in a control group |
Repnik 2018, [7] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 7), Myo armband, n = 2_ with n = 8 EMGs built-in, Thalamic labs | Bilateral: -M-IMU: Back of the hand, wrist, UA (distal, near elbow), sternum -MYO: FA (in the proximity of elbow joint) Straps, armband | Sh ROM (HT joint angles) | – | ARAT tasks: 19 movements divided in 4 subtests (grasp, grip, pinch, gross arm movement) | SP (n = 28) 18 M, 10 F 57 ± 9.1 Y HS (n = 12) 9 M, 3 F 36 ± 8 Y | Quantify UL and trunk movement in stroke patients |
Reference, Year, Type of publication | Sensors, Brand | Placement and wearability | Target shoulder parameters, Performance | Gold standard | Task executed | Participants | Aim |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cutti 2008, [37] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 4), Xsens MT9B | Unilateral: Thorax (flat portion of the sternum), Scapula (central third, aligned with the cranial edge of the scapular spine), humerus (central third, slightly posterior), FA (distal) Double-sided tape, elastic cuff | Sh ROM (HT and ST joint angles) RMSE = 0.2°-3.2° | VICON | Exp 1: elb FLX-EXT, PR-SU sh FLX-EXT, IER, sh EL-DE and P-R Exp 2: tasks in Exp1 + sh IER (arm abducted 90°), sh AB-AD (frontal plane), HTN (sagittal and frontal plane) | HS (n = 1, M) | Develop a protocol to measure humerothoracic, scapulothoracic and elbow kinematics |
Parel 2012, [65] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 3), Xsens MTx | Unilateral: thorax, scapula, humerus Elastic cuff, adhesive | Sh ROM (HT and ST joint angles) | – | Humerus FLX-EXT (sagittal plane) and AB-AD (scapular plane) | HS (n = 20) 7F, 13 M 28.3 ± 5.5 Y P (n = 20) 8F, 12 M 43.9 ± 19.9 Y | Assess the inta- and inter-operator agreement of ISEO protocol in measuring scapulohumeral rhythm |
Daponte 2013a, [66] Conference | M-IMU (n = 2), Zolertia Z1 | Unilateral: UA, FA Brace | Sh ROM | – | Sh AB-AD Elb FLX | HS (n = 1) | Discuss design and implementation of a home rehabilitation system |
Daponte 2013b, [67] Conference | M-IMU (n = 2), Zolertia Z1 | Unilateral: UA, FA Brace | Sh ROM, Test1: max gap = 6.5° (roll) 5.2° (pitch) 11.6° (yaw) | Test 1: Tecno Body MJS Test 2: BTS | Test 1: shoulder IR, EL-DE and horizontal FLX-EXT Test 2: elbow FLX-EXT (along sagittal and horizontal plane) | HS (n = 1, M) | Validation of a home rehabilitation system |
Pan 2013, [68] Full-Text | Acc (n = 2), LIS3LV02DQ Acc built-in a Smartphone (n = 1) | Unilateral: -acc: UA, thorax -Smartphone: wrist Strap, Armband | Sh ROM (HT joint angles) | – | Touch ear Use fingers to climb wall Pendulum clockwise and counter clockwise Active-assisted stretch fore and side, raises hand from back | HS (n = 10) 3 M, 7 F 20-25Y P (n = 14) 5 M, 9 F 44–67 Y | Describe design and implementation of a shoulder joint home-based rehabilitation monitoring system |
Thiemjarus 2013, [69] Conference | Acc (n = 1), Analog Device (acc: ADXL330) Magn (n = 1), Honeywell (magn: HMC5843) | Unilateral: UA (proximal) or wrist, left or right Strap | Sh ROM, RMSE = 0.86°-5.05° | – | Sh FLX-EXT, AB-AD, horizontal AB-AD, IER | HS, (n = 23) 20–55 Y | Evaluate the effect of sensor placement on the estimation accuracy of shoulder ROM |
Rawashdeh 2015, [70] Conference | M-IMU (n = 1), InvenSense (gyr: ITG-3200) Analog Device (acc: ADXL 345) Honeywell (magn: HMC5883L) | Unilateral: UA (lateral) Strap | Sh ROM | – | 7 sh rehabilitation exercises 2 sports activities | HS (n = 11) | Describe a detection and classification method of shoulder motion gestures that can be used to prevent shoulder injury |
Álvarez 2016, [71] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 4), Xsens MTx | Unilateral: Back of the hand, FA (near wrist), UA (near elbow), back Wristband, Velcro strap, elastic band | Sh ROM, Lab test: mean error = 0.06° (FLX) 1.05° (lateral deviation) | Lab test: robotic wrist | Test1: Mounting of a shock dumper system Test2: holding a tablet for long periods Test3: elbow FLX-EXT | Test1: Mechanical worker (n = 1) Test2: worker of a commercial centre (n = 1) Test3: patient (n = 1) | Demonstrate the feasibility of an IMU-based system to measure upper limb joint angles in occupational health |
Lee 2016, [72] Conference | Strain sensor (n = 2), MWCNT, Hyosung: multi-walled carbon nanotubes, EcoFlex0030, Smooth-On: silicon rubber | Unilateral: Shoulder Skin adhesive | Sh ROM, RMSE<10° | OptiTrack | Sh FLX-EXT Sh AB-AD | HS (n = 1) | Validate sensors and calibration method estimating two shoulder joint angles |
Tran e Vajerano 2016, [73] Conference | M-IMU (n = 2), Shimmer2r | Unilateral: UA (distal, near elbow), FA (distal, near wrist) Straps | Sh ROM (HT joint angles) | – | Periodic arm movements | HS (n = 1) | Validate an algorithm to predict the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and the future joint-angle values of the user |
Rawashdeh 2016, [74] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 1), InvenSense (gyr: ITG-3200) Analog Device (acc: ADXL 345) Honeywell (magn: HMC5883L) | Unilateral: UA (central third) Straps | Sh ROM (HT motion) | Visual observation | 7 sh rehabilitation exercises, baseball throws, volley serves | HS (n = 11) 25 ± 7 Y | Validate a detection and classification algorithm of upper limb movements |
Wu 2016, [75] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 3), Bluetooth 3-Space Sensor, YEI | Unilateral: FA (near wrist), UA (near elbow), thorax (shifted to the right) Strap, bandage | Sh ROM (HT joint angles) | – | 12 gestures common in daily life: 3 static and 9 dynamic | HS (n = 10) 9 M, 1 F 22–24 Y | Evaluate accuracy, recall and precision of a gesture recognition system |
Burns 2018, [27] Full-Text | Acc and gyr built-in a smartwatch (n = 1), Apple Watch (Series 2 &3) | Unilateral: Wrist Wristband | Sh ROM | – | Pendulum AB Forward EL IR ER Trapezius EXT Upright row | HS (n = 20) 14 M, 6 F 19–56 Y | Evaluate performance of a commercial smartwatch to perform home shoulder physiotherapy monitoring |
Esfahani e Nussbaum 2018, [11] Full-Text | Textile sensors (printed) n = 11 | Bilateral: Shoulder (n = 6), low back (n = 5) Undershirt | Sh ROM, mean error = 9.6° for sh angle estimation | M-IMU (Xsens MTw Awinda) | Sh AB Sh FLX-EXT Sh IER Left/right side bending Trunk FLX-EXT Trunk rot left/right | HS (n = 16), 10 M, 6 F 21.9 ± 3.3 | Describe a smart undershirt and evaluate its accuracy in task classification and planar angle measures in the shoulder joints and low back |
Ramkumar 2018, [76] Full-Text | Acc,gyr and magn built-in a smartphone, Apple iPhone | Unilateral: UA, FA Armband | Sh ROM <5° | gon | AB (coronal plane) forward FLX (sagittal plane) IER (elbow fixed to the body flexed to 90°) | HS (n = 10) 5 M, 5 F Mean 27 Y | Validate a motion-based machine learning software development kit for shoulder ROM |
Reference, Year, Type of publication | Sensors, Brand | Placement and wearability | Target shoulder parameters, Performance | Gold standard | Task executed | Participants | Aim |
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Jung 2010, [77] Conference | IMU (n = 6), ADXL 345 (acc) LPY51 50 AL (gyr) HMC5843 (magn) | Bilateral: UA and FA (distal third), thorax and pelvis Strap | Sh orientation and position | HDRT system | Arms above head Bend arms Bend waist | HS (n = 1) | Validate the motion tracking algorithm |
El-Gohary 2011, [78] Conference | IMU (n = 2), APDM Opal | Unilateral: FA (near wrist), UA (distal third) Strap | Sh ROM, r = 0.91–0.97 | Eagle Analog System | Sh FLX-EXT Sh AB-AD Elb FLX-EXT Elb PR-SU | HS (n = 1) | Validate data fusion algorithm |
Zhang 2011, [79] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 3), Xsens MTx | Unilateral: UA (laterally, above the elbow), FA (lateral and flat side of the FA near the wrist), sternum Strap, clothing | Sh ROM, RMSE = 2.4° (sh FLX-EXT) RMSE = 0.9° (sh AB-AD) RMSE = 2.9° (sh IER) | BTS SMART-D | Free movements | HS (n = 4) | Validate sensor fusion algorithm |
El-Gohary 2012, [80] Full-Text | IMU (n = 2), APDM Opal | Unilateral: UA (middle third, slightly posterior), FA (distal, near wrist) Strap band | Sh ROM, RMSE = 5.5° (sh FLX-EXT) RMSE = 4.4° (sh AB-AD) | VICON | Sh FLX-EXT Sh AB-AD Elb FLX-EXT FA PR-SU Touching nose Reaching for a doorknob | HS (n = 8) | Validate data fusion algorithm |
Lee e Low 2012, [81] Full-Text | Acc (n = 2), Freescale MMA7361 L | Unilateral: UA (near elbow), FA (near wrist) - | Sh ROM, RMSE = 2.12° (sh FLX-EXT) RMSE = 3.68° (sh rotation) | IMU (Xsens MTx) | UA FLX-EXT and medial/lateral rotation FA FLX-EXT and PR-SU (sagittal plane) | HS (n = 1) | Validate the feasibility of the proposed algorithm |
Hsu 2013, [82] Conference | M-IMU (n = 2), LSM303DLH (acc, magn) L3G4200D (gyr) | Unilateral: UA, FA Velcro strap | Sh ROM, RMSE = 1.34°-5.08° | Xsens MTw, (n = 2) | Sh FLX, AB, EXT, ER and IR | HS (n = 10) 8 M, 2 F 23.3 ± 1.33 Y | Validate data fusion algorithm |
Lambrecht e Kirsch 2014, [16] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 4), InvenSense MPU-9150 chip | Unilateral: Sternum, UA, FA and hand - | Sh ROM, RMSE = 4.9° (sh azimuth) RMSE = 1.2° (sh elevation) RMSE = 2.9° (sh IR) | Optotrack | Reaching movements | HS (n = 1) | Validate sensors’ accuracy and data fusion algorithm |
Ricci 2014, [83] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 5), APDM Opal | Bilateral: Thorax, UA (latero-distally) and FA (near wrist) Velcro strap | Sh ROM (HT joint angles) | – | UA FLX-EXT UA AB-AD FA PR-SU FA FLX-EXT Thorax rotation Thorax FLX-EXT | Children (n = 40) 6.9 ± 0.65 Y | Develop a calibration protocol for Thorax and upper limb motion capture |
Roldan-Jimenez 2015, [84] Full-Text | Inertial sensors built-in a Smartphone (n = 1), LG Electronics INC, iPhone4 | Unilateral: UA Neoprene arm belt | Sh ROM | – | sh AB, EXT with wrist in neutral position and elb extended | HS (n = 10) 7 M, 3 F 24.2 ± 4.04 Y | Study humerus kinematics through six physical properties that correspond to angular mobility and acceleration in the three axes of space |
Fantozzi 2016, [17] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 7), APDM Opal | Bilateral: Sternum, UA, FA, back of the hand Velcro strap | Sh ROM (HT joint angles), RMSE <10° (sh FLX-EXT, AB-AD, IER) | BTS SMART-DX | Simulated front-crawl and breaststroke swimming | HS (n = 8), M 26.1 ± 3.4 Y | Validate a protocol to assess the 3D joint kinematics of the upper limb during swimming |
Meng 2016, [85] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 2), Shimmer2r | Unilateral: UA (distal, near elbow), FA (distal, near wrist) Straps | Sh ROM, Test2: RMSE = from 2.20° to 0.87° | VICON | Sh FLX-EXT Sh AB-AD Sh IER Elb FLX-EXT Elb PR-SU | Test1: HS (n = 15), M, 19–23 Y Test2: HS (n = 5) | Validate an algorithm to improve accuracy on measurements of arm joint angles considering the properties of human tissue |
Crabolu 2017, [86] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 3), Xsens, MTw2 Awinda | Unilateral: UA, scapula, Sternum Velcro strap, double-sided tape, elastic band | GH joint center | MRI acquisition | Cross and star motions (2 joint velocities, 2 range of motions) | HS (n = 5) 3 M, 2 F 36 ± 4 Y | Evaluate accuracy and precision of the GHJC estimation |
Kim 2017, [87] Conference | MYO armband (n = 1): contains 8 EMG and 1 IMU, Thalamic Labs, MYO armband | Unilateral: UA (near elbow) Armband | Sh ROM | – | Elb FLX (0°,45°,90°) with sh in neutral position, elb FLX (0°,45°,90°) with sh FLX 90° (sagittal plane) | HS (n = 1) | Introduce an algorithm for upper arm and forearm motion estimation using MYO armband |
Morrow 2017, [88] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 6), APDM Opal | Bilateral: FA and UA (lateral), head, sternum Velcro straps | Sh ROM (HT joint angles), RMSE = 6.8° ± 2.7° (sh elevation) | Raptor 12 Digital Real Time Motion Capture System | Peg transfer (to mimic minimally invasive laparoscopy) | Surgeon HS (n = 6) 3 M, 3 F 45 ± 7 Y | Validate a M-IMU based protocol to measure shoulder EL, elbow FLX, trunk FLX-EXT and neck FLX-EXT kinematics |
Rose 2017, [89] Full-Text | IMU (n = 6), APDM Opal | Bilateral: UA (lateral), FA (dorsal), sternum, lumbar spine Straps | Sh ROM (HT joint angles) | – | Diagnostic arthroscopy simulation | Surgeon HS (n = 14) | Develop an IMU-based system to assess the performance of orthopaedic residents with different arthroscopic experiences |
Tian 2017, [90] Conference | M-IMU (n = 2), Acc: LIS3LV02D, Magn: HMC5843, Gyr: ITG3200 | Unilateral: UA, FA Straps | Sh ROM | VICON | Sh FLX and elb FLX (sagittal plane) | HS (n = 1) | Validate data fusion algorithm |
Pathirana 2018, [91] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 1) | Unilateral: Wrist Strap | Sh ROM | VICON, Kinect | Forward FLX-EXT AB-AD Backward FLX-EXT Horizontal FLX-EXT | HS (n = 14) 10 M, 4 F | Validate accuracy and robustness of data fusion algorithm using a single sensor to measure shoulder joint angles |