Background
Methods
Study design and sample
Body composition, anthropometric and biochemical measurements
Variable definitions
Statistical analysis
Results
General characteristics of the sample
Men (n = 1,454) | Women (n = 3,646) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Median [Min, Max] | Mean ± SD | Median [Min, Max] | |
Age (years) | 41.4 ± 10.9 | 41.0 [20, 65] | 41.3 ± 10.9 | 41.0 [20, 65] |
Weight (kg) | 76.5 ± 12.7 | 75.4 [41.9, 161.5] | 64.4 ± 11.4 | 62.8 [40.3, 144.2] |
Height (m) | 168.7 ± 6.8 | 169.0 [137, 193] | 155.8 ± 6.1 | 156.0 [136, 180] |
Adiposity indicators
| ||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.8 ± 3.9 | 26.6 [18.5, 54.4] | 26.5 ± 4.5 | 25.8 [18.5, 52.2] |
Waist (cm) | 93.0 ± 10.2 | 92.0 [64, 159] | 88.9 ± 11.7 | 88.0 [58, 152] |
Hip (cm) | 98.2 ± 7.6 | 97.0 [80, 146] | 100.3 ± 9 | 99.0 [70, 158] |
Waist/hip ratio | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 [0.7, 1.1] | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 [0.6, 1.2] |
Waist/height ratio | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.5 [0.4, 0.9] | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.6 [0.4, 1] |
BF (%) | 29.6 ± 7 | 29.8 [6.0, 58.2] | 42.6 ± 6.3 | 43.0 [16.7, 65.5] |
BFM (kg) | 22 ± 8.1 | 21.3 [2.8, 74.3] | 26.5 ± 8.1 | 25.3 [6.9, 80.8] |
Metabolic indicators
| ||||
Glucose (mg/dL) | 96.2 ± 24.8 | 92.0 [58, 361] | 90.3 ± 20.2 | 88.0 [51, 346] |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 211.7 ± 165.8 | 175.0 [30, 2490] | 143.2 ± 90.6 | 122.0 [30, 1702] |
c-HDL (mg/dL) | 37.6 ± 8.6 | 37.0 [12, 78] | 40.0 ± 12.1 | 39.0 [5, 365] |
DBP (mm/Hg) | 75.6 ± 10.8 | 75.0 [42, 124] | 71.0 ± 9.6 | 70.0 [41, 115.3] |
SBP (mm/hg) | 124.4 ± 13.7 | 123 [80.7, 235] | 114.5 ± 12.6 | 112 [66, 178] |
Prevalence of metabolic risk factors
(%)
| ||||
High glucose1
| 27.2 | 14.9 | ||
High triglycerides2
| 61.1 | 34.5 | ||
Low HDL cholesterol3
| 62.2 | 83.6 | ||
Hypertension4
| 21.5 | 16.0 |
BMI and waist circumference associations with body fat percent
Men (n = 1,454) | Women (n = 3,646) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
Log (BMI)§
| 0.330** (0.011) | 0.050* (0.021) | 0.295** (0.005) | 0.245** (0.007) | ||
Log (WC)§
| 0.483** (0.014) | 0.428** (0.028) | 0.318** (0.006) | 0.082** (0.008) | ||
Constant | -78.7** (3.62) | -189.1** (6.16) | -180.5** (7.43) | -53.8** (1.60) | -100.1** (2.84) | -73.9** (2.70) |
R2 (%) | 43.8 | 55.6 | 55.9 | 56.4 | 41.9 | 57.5 |
ROC analysis
Body fat % | BMI (kg/m2) | Waist (cm) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimated | Reference I | Reference II | Estimated | Overweight | Obesity | Estimated | Reference | NCEP/ATP III | |
Glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL; n = 1,439
| |||||||||
Cutoff | 30.5 (30.1, 30.9) | 20 | 25 | 27.0 (26.7, 27.2) | 25 | 30 | 94.0 (93.0, 95.0) | 90 | 102 |
Sensitivity | 58.3 (55.8, 61.1) | 95.1 (92.8, 97.1) | 87.0 (83.6, 90.3) | 60.9 (57.3, 63.4) | 80.6 (76.5, 84.4) | 27.4 (22.8, 31.7) | 60.6 (57.0, 64.2) | 76.0 (71.9, 80.3) | 28.9 (24.6, 33.6) |
Specificity | 58.4 (55.7, 61.0) | 10.2 (8.5, 12.2) | 25.3 (22.7, 28.2) | 60.9 (57.3, 63.5) | 37.9 (34.8, 40.9) | 85.1 (83.0, 87.3) | 59.9 (57.0, 64.4) | 43.1 (40.2, 46.1) | 85.2 (82.9, 87.5) |
AUC | 0.611 (0.579, 0.644) | 0.639 (0.607, 0.670) | 0.647b (0.616, 0.678) | ||||||
Triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL; n = 1,439
| |||||||||
Cutoff | 29.6 (29.2, 30.0) | 20 | 25 | 26.3 (26.1, 26.6) | 25 | 30 | 92.0 (92.0, 93.0) | 90 | 102 |
Sensitivity | 58.7 (55.5, 61.4) | 96.6 (95.3, 97.7) | 86.5 (84.2, 88.9) | 62.3 (59.7, 65.3) | 77.5 (74.7, 80.1) | 21.8 (19.1, 24.6) | 63.0 (57.1, 65.2) | 71.3 (68.5, 74.2) | 22.1 (19.5, 24.6) |
Specificity | 58.8 (55.5, 61.4) | 17.1 (14.3, 20.4) | 35.2 (30.9, 39.6) | 62.3 (59.8, 65.4) | 49.1 (45.0, 53.2) | 87.3 (84.5, 90.0) | 60.0 (57.7, 64.6) | 52.5 (48.2, 56.6) | 86.8 (83.9, 89.5) |
AUC | 0.635 (0.605, 0.665) | 0.674a (0.645, 0.703) | 0.656b (0.627, 0.686) | ||||||
HDL < 40 mg/dL; n = 1,422
| |||||||||
Cutoff | 29.6 (29.2, 30.1) | 20 | 25 | 26.5 (26.2, 26.7) | 25 | 30 | 92.0 (92.0, 93.0) | 90 | 102 |
Sensitivity | 55.7 (52.9, 58.2) | 93.3 (91.6, 95.0) | 82.0 (79.4, 84.6) | 56.0 (53.6, 58.8) | 72.2 (69.0, 75.1) | 21.4 (18.6, 24.1) | 59.5 (53.2, 61.6) | 68.0 (64.7, 71.1) | 22.9 (20.2, 25.5) |
Specificity | 55.7 (52.9, 58.3) | 12.5 (9.9, 15.3) | 28.9 (25.1, 32.8) | 56.1 (53.5, 58.8) | 41.2 (36.9, 45.6) | 86.6 (83.8, 89.4) | 55.5 (53.6, 60.8) | 48.2 (44.3, 52.5) | 88.5 (85.8, 91.1) |
AUC | 0.583 (0.553, 0.614) | 0.587 (0.556, 0.617) | 0.607b,c (0.577, 0.637) | ||||||
SBP > 140 or DBP > 90 mmHg; n = 1,439
| |||||||||
Cutoff | 30.4 (29.9, 30.8) | 20 | 25 | 27.2 (27.0, 27.5) | 25 | 30 | 94.0 (94.0, 95.0) | 90 | 102 |
Sensitivity | 55.7 (52.9, 58.6) | 94.8 (92.2, 97.1) | 84.1 (80.3, 87.7) | 63.4 (60.2, 66.0) | 85.4 (81.6, 89.3) | 31.7 (25.6, 37.5) | 63.8 (57.6, 65.4) | 77.3 (72.5, 81.9) | 31.1 (26.2, 35.9) |
Specificity | 55.7 (53.0, 58.6) | 9.8 (8.1, 11.6) | 24.1 (21.5, 26.5) | 63.3 (60.3, 66.1) | 38.3 (35.8, 41.2) | 85.4 (83.3, 87.3) | 59.6 (57.6, 64.8) | 42.6 (39.7, 45.3) | 84.7 (82.6, 86.6) |
AUC | 0.578 (0.540, 0.604) | 0.680a (0.635, 0.695) | 0.650b, c (0.602, 0.664) |
Body fat % | BMI (kg/m2) | Waist (cm) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimated | Reference I | Reference II | Estimated | Overweight | Obesity | Estimated | Reference | NCEP/ATP III | |
Glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL; n = 3,625
| |||||||||
Cutoff | 44.0 (43.8, 44.4) | 30 | 35 | 27.2 (26.8, 27.4) | 25 | 30 | 91.0 (90.0, 91.0) | 80 | 88 |
Sensitivity | 60.9 (58.8, 63.1) | 99.6 (99.1, 100.0) | 94.8 (92.9, 96.6) | 66.4 (64.1, 68.6) | 84.0 (81.0, 87.1) | 41.2 (36.8, 45.5) | 62.3 (60.9, 66.8) | 93.1 (90.9, 95.2) | 74.6 (71.1, 78.1) |
Specificity | 60.9 (58.8, 63.0) | 3.8 (3.1, 4.5) | 13.3 (12.1, 14.5) | 66.4 (64.2, 68.7) | 46.1 (44.3, 47.8) | 85.2 (84.0, 86.5) | 65.6 (60.6, 66.9) | 23.8 (22.3, 25.2) | 54.0 (52.2, 55.7) |
AUC | 0.645 (0.620, .669) | 0.723a (0.700, 0.745) | 0.703b, c (0.679,0.726) | ||||||
Triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL; n = 3,627
| |||||||||
Cutoff | 43.3 (43.1, 43.5) | 30 | 35 | 26.2 (26.0, 26.4) | 25 | 30 | 89.0 (88.0, 89.0) | 80 | 88 |
Sensitivity | 56.0 (54.4, 58.0) | 98.6 (97.9, 99.2) | 93.2 (91.8, 94.5) | 61.0 (59.4, 62.7) | 73.8 (71.3, 76.1) | 26.7 (24.1, 29.3) | 58.4 (56.4, 61.3) | 89.1 (87.5, 90.8) | 62.2 (59.5, 64.9) |
Specificity | 56.0 (54.3, 58.0) | 4.3 (3.5, 5.1) | 14.9 (13.4, 16.3) | 61.1 (59.3, 62.8) | 49.7 (47.8, 51.9) | 85.4 (84.1, 86.8) | 60.2 (56.2, 62.0) | 26.8 (25.2, 28.6) | 55.9 (54.0, 57.9) |
AUC | 0.584 (0.565, 0.603) | 0.652a (0.634, 0.671) | 0.633b, c (0.615, 0.651) | ||||||
HDL < 50 mg/dL; n = 3,614
| |||||||||
Cutoff | 42.3 (42.0, 42.7) | 30 | 35 | 25.3 (25.1, 25.5) | 25 | 30 | 86.0 (86.0, 87.0) | 80 | 88 |
Sensitivity | 56.2 (53.9, 58.4) | 97.1 (96.4, 97.7) | 88.8 (87.6, 89.9) | 57.6 (55.4, 59.6) | 60.9 (59.2, 62.5) | 20.2 (18.8, 21.7) | 60.9 (55.8, 62.0) | 81.4 (80.0, 82.8) | 53.1 (51.3, 54.8) |
Specificity | 56.2 (53.9, 58.4) | 5.2 (3.4, 7.1) | 16.7 (13.8, 19.7) | 57.6 (55.4, 59.6) | 54.4 (50.2, 58.8) | 88.9 (86.2, 91.2) | 57.4 (56.4, 61.8) | 34.8 (31.0, 38.7) | 64.3 (60.4, 68.0) |
AUC | 0.577 (0.552, 0.602) | 0.595a (0.570, 0.619) | 0.629b, c (0.604, 0.653) | ||||||
SBP > 140 or DBP > 90 mmHg; n = 3,613
| |||||||||
Cutoff | 43.8 (43.5, 44.1) | 30 | 35 | 26.6 (26.4, 26.9) | 25 | 30 | 90.0 (89.0, 90.0) | 80 | 88 |
Sensitivity | 58.1 (55.5, 60.1) | 98.1 (96.9, 99.1) | 91.7 (89.6, 93.8) | 60.8 (59.1, 63.1) | 78.5 (75.4, 81.8) | 34.5 (30.6, 38.3) | 58.2 (56.5, 62.4) | 89.1 (86.3, 91.7) | 66.2 (66.2, 70.4) |
Specificity | 58.1 (55.5, 60.1) | 3.5 (2.9, 4.2) | 12.8 (11.7, 14.0) | 60.8 (59.1, 63.1) | 45.5 (43.8, 47.1) | 84.4 (83.1, 85.6) | 60.4 (56.2, 62.0) | 23.4 (21.9, 24.7) | 52.8 (51.0, 54.6) |
AUC | 0.605 (0.578, 0.625) | 0.662a (0.639, 0.684) | 0.643b, c (0.613, 0.659) |