Background
Methods
Survey population
Data collection
Exposure variables
Psychological exposure
Incident management variables
Outcome measures
Statistical analysis
Results
Response rates
Characteristics of responders
Perceived risk | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Damage to property (%) | Disruption to essential services (%) | Asked to evacuate but refused (%) | Asked to evacuate and evacuated (%) | Reported health concerns at the time of the survey (%) | Perceived house values will be worse (%) | Perceived their finances will be worse (%) | Perceived the local environment will be worse (%) | |
South Yorkshire
| ||||||||
All respondents (n = 999)
| 347 (34.7) | 320 (32.0) | 116 (11.6) | 203 (20.3) | 236 (23.6) | 690 (69.1) | 223 (22.3) | 291 (29.1) |
Water level
| ||||||||
Not affected (n = 304) | 3 (1.0) | 47 (15.5) | 12 (3.9) | 12 (3.9) | 31 (10.2) | 198 (65.1) | 29 (9.5) | 77 (25.3) |
Outside the house (n = 286) | 30 (10.5) | 85 (29.7) | 39 (13.6) | 44 (15.4) | 45 (15.7) | 194 (67.8) | 35 (12.2) | 81 (28.3) |
Below floor level (n = 72) | 41 (56.9) | 23 (31.9) | 14 (19.4) | 13 (18.1) | 19 (26.4) | 54 (75.0) | 24 (33.3) | 25 (34.7) |
Above floor level (n = 272) | 265 (97.4) | 158 (58.1) | 51 (18.7) | 128 (47.1) | 132 (48.5) | 228 (83.8) | 126 (46.3) | 99 (36.4) |
Worcestershire
| ||||||||
All respondents (n = 1267)
| 169 (13.2) | 125 (9.8) | 18 (1.4) | 46 (3.6) | 138 (10.8) | 624 (49.2) | 162 (12.7) | 270 (21.3) |
Water level
| ||||||||
Not affected (n = 573) | 6 (1.0) | 28 (4.9) | 4 (0.7) | 0 | 41 (7.2) | 259 (45.2) | 38 (6.6) | 119 (20.8) |
Outside the house (n = 343) | 15 (4.4) | 36 (10.5) | 1 (0.3) | 5 (1.5) | 36 (10.5) | 182 (53.1) | 39 (11.4) | 77 (22.4) |
Below floor level (n = 62) | 32 (51.6) | 13 (21.0) | 2 (3.2) | 8 (12.9) | 10 (16.1) | 46 (74.2) | 15 (24.2) | 17 (27.4) |
Above floor level (n = 117) | 114 (97.4) | 43 (36.7) | 11 (9.4) | 33 (28.2) | 38 (32.5) | 100 (85.5) | 60 (51.3) | 35 (29.9) |
Associations between mental health symptoms, socio-demographics and water level in the home
Psychological distress (cases = 584, total = 2,113) | Anxiety (cases = 297, total = 2,037) | Depression (cases = 280, total = 2,113) | Probable PTSD (cases = 138, total = 2,019) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Explanatory variable | Univariate | Adjusted | Univariate | Adjusted | Univariate | Adjusted | Univariate | Adjusted |
Age (years)
| ||||||||
≤ 35 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
36-65 | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | 0.95 (0.7, 1.3) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.6) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) | 1.2 (0.7, 1.9) | 1.5 (0.9, 2.5) |
> 65 | 0.5 (0.3, 0.6) | 0.6 (0.4, 1.0) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.1) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) | 0.5 (0.2, 0.9) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.9) |
Reported existing medical problems
| 2.0 (1.6, 2.6) | 2.4 (1.8, 3.2) | 2.5 (1.8, 3.4) | 2.4 (1.7, 3.5) | 2.6 (1.9, 3.5) | 2.9 (2.0, 4.2) | 3.9 (2.6, 6.0) | 4.1 (2.6, 6.7) |
Employment
| ||||||||
Employed | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Retired | 0.75 (0.6, 0.9) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) | 1.5 (0.9, 2.4) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) | 1.2 (0.8, 2.0) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.7) | 1.5 (0.8, 2.7) |
Unemployed | 2.1 (1.6, 2.7) | 1.4 (1.0, 1.9) | 2.2 (1.6, 3.0) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) | 2.9 (2.1, 4.0) | 1.7 (1.2, 2.6) | 2.8 (1.9, 4.3) | 1.6 (0.9, 2.5) |
Female Gender
| 1.9 (1.5, 2.3) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.1) | 1.7 (1.3, 2.2) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.0) | 2.0 (1.5, 2.7) | 1.7 (1.2, 2.3) | 1.9 (1.2, 2.8) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.4) |
Water level
| ||||||||
Not affected | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Outside the house | 1.8 (1.4, 2.3) | 1.8 (1.3, 2.4) | 2.0 (1.3, 3.1) | 1.7 (1.1, 2.7) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.7) | 2.6 (1.4, 4.8) | 2.6 (1.4, 4.9) |
Below floor level | 3.0 (2.0, 4.6) | 3.0 (1.9, 4.6) | 2.4 (1.3, 4.5) | 2.1 (1.1, 4.0) | 3.1 (1.8, 5.3) | 2.9 (1.6, 5.0) | 2.8 (1.1, 7.0) | 2.6 (1.0, 6.7) |
Above floor level | 13.4 (10.0, 17.9) | 12.8 (9.3, 17.6) | 17.8 (12.2, 26.0) | 13.9 (9.3, 20.8) | 9.5 (6.7, 13.5) | 7.7 (5.2, 11.4) | 14.3 (8.2, 24.9) | 11.9 (6.6, 21.5) |
Area
| ||||||||
Worcestershire | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
South Yorkshire | 3.5 (2.9, 4.3) | 1.5 (1.1, 1.9) | 4.7 (3.5, 6.3) | 1.9 (1.3, 2.8) | 5.0 (3.7, 6.7) | 1.9 (1.3, 2.8) | 3.9 (2.7, 5.8) | 1.7 (1.0, 2.8) |
Method of data collection
| ||||||||
Web-based and telephone | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Postal | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.2) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.6) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.7) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.3) |
Face to face interviews | 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) | 0.9 (0.4, 1.8) | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.6) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.7) | 0.9 (0.3, 2.4) |
Associations between mental health symptoms, 'psychological exposure' and 'incident management' variables
Psychological distress (cases = 584, total = 2,113) | Anxiety (cases = 297, total = 2,037) | Depression (cases = 280, total = 2,113) | Probable PTSD (cases = 138, total = 2,019) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Psychological exposure variables
| Univariate | Adjusted | Univariate | Adjusted | Univariate | Adjusted | Univariate | Adjusted |
Reported health concerns | 9.9 (7.7, 12.8) | 4.7 (3.5, 6.4) | 10.0 (7.5, 13.1) | 3.7 (2.6, 5.1) | 9.6 (7.2, 12.8) | 4.3 (3.0, 6.1) | 8.6 (6.0, 12.4) | 3.0 (1.9, 4.7) |
Perceived house values will be worse | 2.3 (1.8, 2.8) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) | 3.2 (2.3, 4.4) | 1.3 (0.8, 1.9) | 2.5 (1.8, 3.4) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) | 2.7 (1.7, 4.4) | 1.1 (0.6, 1.9) |
Perceived their finances will be worse | 5.3 (4.2, 6.7) | 2.5 (1.8, 3.4) | 4.5 (3.4, 5.9) | 1.8 (1.3, 2.7) | 4.4 (3.3, 5.8) | 2.0 (1.3, 2.9) | 6.4 (4.4, 9.3) | 3.2 (2.0, 5.2) |
Incident management variables
| ||||||||
Disruption to essential services | 4.8 (3.8, 6.0) | 1.8 (1.3, 2.4) | 6.3 (4.8, 8.2) | 2.1 (1.5, 3.0) | 5.1 (3.9, 6.7) | 2.1 (1.5, 3.0) | 7.0 (4.8, 10.1) | 3.1 (2.0, 4.9) |
Asked to evacuate but refused | 4.2 (3.0, 6.1) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.8) | 4.5 (3.0, 6.7) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.8) | 5.1 (3.3, 7.6) | 1.2 (0.7, 2.1) | 5.0 (3.0, 8.3) | 1.0 (0.5, 1.9) |
Asked to evacuate and evacuated | 7.3 (5.4, 9.7) | 1.7 (1.2, 2.5) | 7.7 (5.7, 10.5) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.3) | 5.6 (4.0, 7.7) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.9) | 4.4 (2.9, 6.7) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) |
Water level
| ||||||||
Not affected | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Outside the house | 1.8 (1.4, 2.3) | 1.5 (1.1, 2.0) | 2.0 (1.3, 3.1) | 1.3 (0.8, 2.1) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) | 2.6 (1.4, 4.8) | 1.8 (0.9, 3.6) |
Below floor level in the lounge or kitchen or other ground floor rooms | 3.0 (2.0, 4.6) | 1.7 (1.0, 2.8) | 2.4 (1.3, 4.5) | 1.1 (0.5, 2.2) | 3.1 (1.8, 5.3) | 1.5 (0.8, 2.8) | 2.8 (1.1, 7.0) | 1.1 (0.4, 3.1) |
Above floor level | 13.4 (10.0, 17.9) | 5.0 (3.4, 7.3) | 17.8 (12.2, 26.0) | 4.8 (3.0, 7.8) | 9.5 (6.7, 13.5) | 2.6 (1.6, 4.3) | 14.3 (8.2, 24.9) | 3.9 (1.9, 7.8) |