Introduction
Methods
Results
Author/year | Level of evidence | Sample size | Key finding |
---|---|---|---|
Gender gap | |||
Abufaraj/2020 [10] | IIb | 34,749 | Increasing numbers of previous pregnancies, menopause and female hormone use increases the risk of stone formation |
Vaughan/2019 [16] | IIb | 3364 | Men significantly more likely to have symptomatic recurrence |
Hsi/2018 [13] | IIb | 42,136 | Prevalence of KSD among female has risen |
Masterson/2017 | IIb | 667,840 | Incidence of KSD higher among female navy personnel |
Tundo/2018 [11] | IIb | 16,658 | Women of working age were just as likely as men to develop KSD |
Chen/2019 [12] | IIb | NR | Prevalence of KSD among female has risen |
Kittanamongkolchai/2018 [15] | IIb | NR | Women are more likely to be asymptomatic stone formers |
Quality of life | |||
Stern/2019 [18] | IIb | 2052 | Quality of life in women is more negatively impacted by stones than in men |
Macraith/2020 [19] | III | 142 | Young women most likely to be re-admitted to ED post-URS |
Patel/2017 [20] | III | 103 | Women under 40 are most adversely affected by KSD on quality of life |
Islamoglu/2019 [21] | III | 145 | Young women most likely to experience SWL-related pain |
Role of hormones | |||
Nackeeran/2020 [24] | IIb | 10,193 | No correlation between abnormal sex hormone levels and KSD |
Peerapen/2019 [22] | III | – | In canine renal tissue, oestrogen reduces expression of calcium oxalate receptors, reduces crystal-binding capacity and reduces intracellular ATP |
Zhu/2019 [23] | III | – | In rodent models, oestrogen deprivation led to increased calcium oxalate deposition in renal tissue and increased urinary oxalate excretion |
Xiao/2020 [26] | IIb | 7257 | Female diabetics more protected from KSD by ACE inhibitors than male diabetics |
Stone composition | |||
Kravdal/2019 [27] | IIb | 1252 | Men more likely to have calcium oxalate monohydrate stones; women more likely to form carbonate apatite and struvite stones |
Wang/2020 [28] | IIb | 1532 | Male stone formers younger and more likely to have metabolic disorders; female stone formers more likely to have mixed stone composition and a history of UTI |
Wood/2019 [29] | IIb | 589 | Male stone formers excrete more calcium and oxalate into their urine and have lower urinary pH and higher rates of urine supersaturation with uric acid |
Post-intervention sepsis | |||
Southern/2019 [32] | IIb | 3298 | Women are more likely to develop sepsis after ureteroscopy, and more likely to have positive pre-operative urine cultures and infection stones |
Lorenzo Soriano/2019 [33] | IIb | 203 | Women are more likely to develop infectious complications after PCNL than men |
Díaz Pérez/2019 [35] | III | 246 | Women are more likely to develop urosepsis after ureteroscopy than men |
Nevo/2017 [34] | IIb | 1256 | Female gender is a risk factor for post URS sepsis |
Baboudijan/2020 [36] | III | 604 | Female gender is a risk factor for post URS sepsis |
Özsoy/2015 [37] | III | 927 | Female gender is a risk factor for post URS sepsis |
Wood/2020 [38] | IIb | 227 | Female gender is a risk factor for post URS sepsis |
Paediatrics | |||
Schwaderer/2019 [43] | III | 136 | Girls with stones were more likely to have a positive leukocyte esterase test, were significantly shorter and less likely to have biochemical evidence of volume depletion than their male counterparts |
Taisan/2016 [42] | IIb | 152,925 | Lifetime risk of developing KSD among females increased by 45% during study period |
Meiouiet/2019 [44] | III | 432 | Majority of girls had calcium oxalate stones |
Seasonal variation | |||
Vicedo-Cabrera/2020 [45] | IIb | 132,597 | Men are disproportionately affected by increased ambient temperature than women |
Ordon/2016 [47] | IIb | 423,396 | Men most likely to present with KSD in high ambient temperatures |
Fukuhara/2016 [48] | III | 491 | Men most likely to present with KSD in high ambient temperatures |
Epidemiology of Gender Gap
Quality of Life
Role of Hormones
Stone Composition
Post-intervention Sepsis
Gender Difference in Paediatrics
KSD and Ambient Temperature
Limitations and Future Research
Theme | Summary |
---|---|
Gender gap | Rise in prevalence of KSD is greater among women than men |
Stone composition | Men more likely than women to have metabolic disorders (obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus) and present at a younger age than women Men excrete more calcium and oxalate into their urine than women, have a lower urine pH and are more likely to have uric acid supersaturation than women |
Quality of Life | Women’s quality of life is more affected by KSD than men, with worse QoL in most domains |
Role of hormones | Oestrogen produces a favourable renal environment to protect against nephrolithiasis, while oestrogen antagonists cause increased oxalate excretion and deposition |
Post procedure sepsis | Women are more likely to develop sepsis after procedures such as ureteroscopy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy |
Paediatrics | Prevalence of KSD is rising among children. In paediatric setting, females most likely to suffer KSD during adolescence |
Ambient temperature | Men have a bigger increase in stone presentations during warm weather than their female counterparts |