Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Current Cardiology Reports 12/2020

01.12.2020 | Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes (H Jneid, Section Editor)

Diagnostic and Management Dilemmas in Women Presenting with Acute Coronary Syndromes

verfasst von: Lindsey Trutter, Allison Bigeh, Cristina Pecci, Marium Muzaffar, Martha Gulati

Erschienen in: Current Cardiology Reports | Ausgabe 12/2020

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose of Review

To summarize gender- and sex-specific differences in the presentation, diagnosis, management, and pathophysiology of women presenting with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Recent Findings

Sex differences exist in many aspects of ACS that impact the identification, treatment, and outcomes in women. There are delays in the initiation of care, under recognized diagnostic differences based on sex, and inconsistencies in the management of ACS in women compared with men, that ultimately impact outcomes. Additionally, women with ACS are more likely than men to present with non-obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), which appears to be due to diverse underlying pathophysiology.

Summary

Women with ACS face diagnostic and treatment dilemmas from time of symptom onset to hospital discharge. Under-recognition, under-diagnosis, and under-treatment ultimately result in poorer outcomes in women. Underlying pathophysiologic differences in women require additional testing to elucidate underlying etiologies.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Virani SS, Alonso A, Benjamin EJ, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, Carson AP, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2020 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020;141(9):e139–596.PubMed Virani SS, Alonso A, Benjamin EJ, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, Carson AP, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2020 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020;141(9):e139–596.PubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Stehli J, Martin C, Brennan A, Dinh DT, Lefkovits J, Zaman S. Sex differences persist in time to presentation, revascularization, and mortality in myocardial infarction treated with percutaneous coronary intervention. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(10):e012161 Important study of AMI patients showing women with STEMI have significant delays in revascularization contributing to higher mortality rates compared to men.PubMedPubMedCentral •• Stehli J, Martin C, Brennan A, Dinh DT, Lefkovits J, Zaman S. Sex differences persist in time to presentation, revascularization, and mortality in myocardial infarction treated with percutaneous coronary intervention. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(10):e012161 Important study of AMI patients showing women with STEMI have significant delays in revascularization contributing to higher mortality rates compared to men.PubMedPubMedCentral
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Heer T, Hochadel M, Schmidt K, Mehilli J, Zahn R, Kuck KH, et al. Sex differences in percutaneous coronary intervention-insights from the coronary angiography and PCI Registry of the German Society of Cardiology. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(3). Heer T, Hochadel M, Schmidt K, Mehilli J, Zahn R, Kuck KH, et al. Sex differences in percutaneous coronary intervention-insights from the coronary angiography and PCI Registry of the German Society of Cardiology. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(3).
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Pelletier R, Humphries KH, Shimony A, Bacon SL, Lavoie KL, Rabi D, et al. Sex-related differences in access to care among patients with premature acute coronary syndrome. CMAJ. 2014;186(7):497–504.PubMedPubMedCentral Pelletier R, Humphries KH, Shimony A, Bacon SL, Lavoie KL, Rabi D, et al. Sex-related differences in access to care among patients with premature acute coronary syndrome. CMAJ. 2014;186(7):497–504.PubMedPubMedCentral
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Humphries KH, Izadnegahdar M, Sedlak T, Saw J, Johnston N, Schenck-Gustafsson K, et al. Sex differences in cardiovascular disease - impact on care and outcomes. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2017;46:46–70.PubMedPubMedCentral Humphries KH, Izadnegahdar M, Sedlak T, Saw J, Johnston N, Schenck-Gustafsson K, et al. Sex differences in cardiovascular disease - impact on care and outcomes. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2017;46:46–70.PubMedPubMedCentral
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Smilowitz NR, Mahajan AM, Roe MT, Hellkamp AS, Chiswell K, Gulati M, et al. Mortality of myocardial infarction by sex, age, and obstructive coronary artery disease status in the ACTION registry-GWTG (acute coronary treatment and intervention outcomes network registry-get with the guidelines). Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2017;10(12):e003443.PubMed Smilowitz NR, Mahajan AM, Roe MT, Hellkamp AS, Chiswell K, Gulati M, et al. Mortality of myocardial infarction by sex, age, and obstructive coronary artery disease status in the ACTION registry-GWTG (acute coronary treatment and intervention outcomes network registry-get with the guidelines). Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2017;10(12):e003443.PubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Safdar B, Spatz ES, Dreyer RP, Beltrame JF, Lichtman JH, Spertus JA, et al. Presentation, clinical profile, and prognosis of young patients with myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA): results from the VIRGO study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(13) Findings from this study suggest women present with similar rates of chest pain compared to men. Patients with MINOCA had outcomes comparable to those with obstructive AMI. •• Safdar B, Spatz ES, Dreyer RP, Beltrame JF, Lichtman JH, Spertus JA, et al. Presentation, clinical profile, and prognosis of young patients with myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA): results from the VIRGO study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(13) Findings from this study suggest women present with similar rates of chest pain compared to men. Patients with MINOCA had outcomes comparable to those with obstructive AMI.
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Lichtman JH, Leifheit EC, Safdar B, Bao H, Krumholz HM, Lorenze NP, et al. Sex differences in the presentation and perception of symptoms among young patients with myocardial infarction: evidence from the VIRGO study (variation in recovery: role of gender on outcomes of young AMI patients). Circulation. 2018;137(8):781–90.PubMedPubMedCentral Lichtman JH, Leifheit EC, Safdar B, Bao H, Krumholz HM, Lorenze NP, et al. Sex differences in the presentation and perception of symptoms among young patients with myocardial infarction: evidence from the VIRGO study (variation in recovery: role of gender on outcomes of young AMI patients). Circulation. 2018;137(8):781–90.PubMedPubMedCentral
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Araújo C, Laszczyńska O, Viana M, Melão F, Henriques A, Borges A, et al. Sex differences in presenting symptoms of acute coronary syndrome: the EPIHeart cohort study. BMJ Open. 2018;8(2):e018798.PubMedPubMedCentral Araújo C, Laszczyńska O, Viana M, Melão F, Henriques A, Borges A, et al. Sex differences in presenting symptoms of acute coronary syndrome: the EPIHeart cohort study. BMJ Open. 2018;8(2):e018798.PubMedPubMedCentral
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Akhter N, Milford-Beland S, Roe MT, Piana RN, Kao J, Shroff A. Gender differences among patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in the American College of Cardiology-National Cardiovascular Data Registry (ACC-NCDR). Am Heart J. 2009;157(1):141–8.PubMed Akhter N, Milford-Beland S, Roe MT, Piana RN, Kao J, Shroff A. Gender differences among patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in the American College of Cardiology-National Cardiovascular Data Registry (ACC-NCDR). Am Heart J. 2009;157(1):141–8.PubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Ricci B, Cenko E, Vasiljevic Z, Stankovic G, Kedev S, Kalpak O, et al. Acute coronary syndrome: the risk to young women. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(12). Ricci B, Cenko E, Vasiljevic Z, Stankovic G, Kedev S, Kalpak O, et al. Acute coronary syndrome: the risk to young women. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(12).
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Khera S, Kolte D, Gupta T, Subramanian KS, Khanna N, Aronow WS, et al. Temporal trends and sex differences in revascularization and outcomes of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in younger adults in the United States. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(18):1961–72.PubMed Khera S, Kolte D, Gupta T, Subramanian KS, Khanna N, Aronow WS, et al. Temporal trends and sex differences in revascularization and outcomes of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in younger adults in the United States. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(18):1961–72.PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Worrall-Carter L, McEvedy S, Wilson A, Rahman MA. Gender differences in presentation, coronary intervention, and outcomes of 28,985 acute coronary syndrome patients in Victoria. Australia Womens Health Issues. 2016;26(1):14–20.PubMed Worrall-Carter L, McEvedy S, Wilson A, Rahman MA. Gender differences in presentation, coronary intervention, and outcomes of 28,985 acute coronary syndrome patients in Victoria. Australia Womens Health Issues. 2016;26(1):14–20.PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Bucholz EM, Strait KM, Dreyer RP, Lindau ST, D'Onofrio G, Geda M, et al. Editor’s choice-sex differences in young patients with acute myocardial infarction: a VIRGO study analysis. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2017;6(7):610–22.PubMed Bucholz EM, Strait KM, Dreyer RP, Lindau ST, D'Onofrio G, Geda M, et al. Editor’s choice-sex differences in young patients with acute myocardial infarction: a VIRGO study analysis. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2017;6(7):610–22.PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Haukilahti MAE, Holmström L, Vähätalo J, Kenttä T, Tikkanen J, Pakanen L, et al. Sudden cardiac death in women. Circulation. 2019;139(8):1012–21.PubMed Haukilahti MAE, Holmström L, Vähätalo J, Kenttä T, Tikkanen J, Pakanen L, et al. Sudden cardiac death in women. Circulation. 2019;139(8):1012–21.PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat HISS RG, AVERILL KH, LAMB LE. Electrocardiographic findings in 67,375 asymptomatic subjects. III ventricular rhythms. Am J Cardiol. 1960;6:96–107.PubMed HISS RG, AVERILL KH, LAMB LE. Electrocardiographic findings in 67,375 asymptomatic subjects. III ventricular rhythms. Am J Cardiol. 1960;6:96–107.PubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaid KA, Maqsood A, Cohen M, Rothfeld E. Further characterization of the “persistent juvenile T-wave pattern” in adults. J Electrocardiol. 2008;41(6):644–5. Kaid KA, Maqsood A, Cohen M, Rothfeld E. Further characterization of the “persistent juvenile T-wave pattern” in adults. J Electrocardiol. 2008;41(6):644–5.
18.
Zurück zum Zitat SUAREZ RM. The T-wave of the precordial electrocardiogram at different age levels. Am Heart J. 1946;32(4):480–93.PubMed SUAREZ RM. The T-wave of the precordial electrocardiogram at different age levels. Am Heart J. 1946;32(4):480–93.PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Malhotra A, Dhutia H, Gati S, Yeo TJ, Dores H, Bastiaenen R, et al. Anterior T-wave inversion in young white athletes and nonathletes: prevalence and significance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(1):1–9.PubMed Malhotra A, Dhutia H, Gati S, Yeo TJ, Dores H, Bastiaenen R, et al. Anterior T-wave inversion in young white athletes and nonathletes: prevalence and significance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(1):1–9.PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Aro AL, Anttonen O, Tikkanen JT, Junttila MJ, Kerola T, Rissanen HA, et al. Prevalence and prognostic significance of T-wave inversions in right precordial leads of a 12-lead electrocardiogram in the middle-aged subjects. Circulation. 2012;125(21):2572–7.PubMed Aro AL, Anttonen O, Tikkanen JT, Junttila MJ, Kerola T, Rissanen HA, et al. Prevalence and prognostic significance of T-wave inversions in right precordial leads of a 12-lead electrocardiogram in the middle-aged subjects. Circulation. 2012;125(21):2572–7.PubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Chaitman BR, Bax JJ, Morrow DA, et al. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). Circulation. 2018;138(20):e618–e51.PubMed Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Chaitman BR, Bax JJ, Morrow DA, et al. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). Circulation. 2018;138(20):e618–e51.PubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Carlton EW, Cullen L, Than M, Gamble J, Khattab A, Greaves K. A novel diagnostic protocol to identify patients suitable for discharge after a single high-sensitivity troponin. Heart. 2015;101(13):1041–6.PubMedPubMedCentral Carlton EW, Cullen L, Than M, Gamble J, Khattab A, Greaves K. A novel diagnostic protocol to identify patients suitable for discharge after a single high-sensitivity troponin. Heart. 2015;101(13):1041–6.PubMedPubMedCentral
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Weber M, Bazzino O, Navarro Estrada JL, de Miguel R, Salzberg S, Fuselli JJ, et al. Improved diagnostic and prognostic performance of a new high-sensitive troponin T assay in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Am Heart J. 2011;162(1):81–8.PubMed Weber M, Bazzino O, Navarro Estrada JL, de Miguel R, Salzberg S, Fuselli JJ, et al. Improved diagnostic and prognostic performance of a new high-sensitive troponin T assay in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Am Heart J. 2011;162(1):81–8.PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Reichlin T, Hochholzer W, Bassetti S, Steuer S, Stelzig C, Hartwiger S, et al. Early diagnosis of myocardial infarction with sensitive cardiac troponin assays. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(9):858–67.PubMed Reichlin T, Hochholzer W, Bassetti S, Steuer S, Stelzig C, Hartwiger S, et al. Early diagnosis of myocardial infarction with sensitive cardiac troponin assays. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(9):858–67.PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Giannitsis E, Kurz K, Hallermayer K, Jarausch J, Jaffe AS, Katus HA. Analytical validation of a high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T assay. Clin Chem. 2010;56(2):254–61.PubMed Giannitsis E, Kurz K, Hallermayer K, Jarausch J, Jaffe AS, Katus HA. Analytical validation of a high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T assay. Clin Chem. 2010;56(2):254–61.PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Apple FS, Simpson PA, Murakami MM. Defining the serum 99th percentile in a normal reference population measured by a high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I assay. Clin Biochem. 2010;43(12):1034–6.PubMed Apple FS, Simpson PA, Murakami MM. Defining the serum 99th percentile in a normal reference population measured by a high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I assay. Clin Biochem. 2010;43(12):1034–6.PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Sherwood MW, Kristin NL. High-sensitivity troponin assays: evidence, indications, and reasonable use. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3(1):e000403.PubMedPubMedCentral Sherwood MW, Kristin NL. High-sensitivity troponin assays: evidence, indications, and reasonable use. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3(1):e000403.PubMedPubMedCentral
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Kimenai DM, Janssen EBNJ, Eggers KM, Lindahl B, den Ruijter HM, Bekers O, et al. Sex-specific versus overall clinical decision limits for cardiac troponin I and T for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review. Clin Chem. 2018;64(7):1034–43.PubMed Kimenai DM, Janssen EBNJ, Eggers KM, Lindahl B, den Ruijter HM, Bekers O, et al. Sex-specific versus overall clinical decision limits for cardiac troponin I and T for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review. Clin Chem. 2018;64(7):1034–43.PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Shah ASV, Anand A, Strachan FE, Ferry AV, Lee KK, Chapman AR, et al. High-sensitivity troponin in the evaluation of patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome: a stepped-wedge, cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2018;392(10151):919–28.PubMedPubMedCentral Shah ASV, Anand A, Strachan FE, Ferry AV, Lee KK, Chapman AR, et al. High-sensitivity troponin in the evaluation of patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome: a stepped-wedge, cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2018;392(10151):919–28.PubMedPubMedCentral
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Shah AS, Griffiths M, Lee KK, McAllister DA, Hunter AL, Ferry AV, et al. High sensitivity cardiac troponin and the under-diagnosis of myocardial infarction in women: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2015;350:g7873.PubMedPubMedCentral Shah AS, Griffiths M, Lee KK, McAllister DA, Hunter AL, Ferry AV, et al. High sensitivity cardiac troponin and the under-diagnosis of myocardial infarction in women: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2015;350:g7873.PubMedPubMedCentral
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Tan LZH, Chow K, Loh J, Chua T, Tan H, Foo D, et al. Door-to-balloon time correlates better with patients outcomes than symptom-to-balloon time. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(13). Tan LZH, Chow K, Loh J, Chua T, Tan H, Foo D, et al. Door-to-balloon time correlates better with patients outcomes than symptom-to-balloon time. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(13).
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Scalise RFM, Salito AM, Polimeni A, Garcia-Ruiz V, Virga V, Frigione P, et al. Radial artery access for percutaneous cardiovascular interventions: contemporary insights and novel approaches. J Clin Med. 2019;8(10). Scalise RFM, Salito AM, Polimeni A, Garcia-Ruiz V, Virga V, Frigione P, et al. Radial artery access for percutaneous cardiovascular interventions: contemporary insights and novel approaches. J Clin Med. 2019;8(10).
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilkinson C, Bebb O, Dondo TB, Munyombwe T, Casadei B, Clarke S, et al. Sex differences in quality indicator attainment for myocardial infarction: a nationwide cohort study. Heart. 2019;105(7):516–23.PubMed Wilkinson C, Bebb O, Dondo TB, Munyombwe T, Casadei B, Clarke S, et al. Sex differences in quality indicator attainment for myocardial infarction: a nationwide cohort study. Heart. 2019;105(7):516–23.PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Hao Y, Liu J, Yang N, Smith SC, Huo Y, Fonarow GC, et al. Sex differences in in-hospital management and outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndrome. Circulation. 2019;139(15):1776–85.PubMed Hao Y, Liu J, Yang N, Smith SC, Huo Y, Fonarow GC, et al. Sex differences in in-hospital management and outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndrome. Circulation. 2019;139(15):1776–85.PubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Dai J, Xing L, Jia H, Zhu Y, Zhang S, Hu S, et al. In vivo predictors of plaque erosion in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a clinical, angiographical, and intravascular optical coherence tomography study. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(22):2077–85.PubMed Dai J, Xing L, Jia H, Zhu Y, Zhang S, Hu S, et al. In vivo predictors of plaque erosion in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a clinical, angiographical, and intravascular optical coherence tomography study. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(22):2077–85.PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Yamamoto E, Yonetsu T, Kakuta T, Soeda T, Saito Y, Yan BP, et al. Clinical and laboratory predictors for plaque erosion in patients with acute coronary syndromes. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(21):e012322.PubMedPubMedCentral Yamamoto E, Yonetsu T, Kakuta T, Soeda T, Saito Y, Yan BP, et al. Clinical and laboratory predictors for plaque erosion in patients with acute coronary syndromes. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(21):e012322.PubMedPubMedCentral
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Jia H, Abtahian F, Aguirre AD, Lee S, Chia S, Lowe H, et al. In vivo diagnosis of plaque erosion and calcified nodule in patients with acute coronary syndrome by intravascular optical coherence tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(19):1748–58.PubMed Jia H, Abtahian F, Aguirre AD, Lee S, Chia S, Lowe H, et al. In vivo diagnosis of plaque erosion and calcified nodule in patients with acute coronary syndrome by intravascular optical coherence tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(19):1748–58.PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Farb A, Burke AP, Tang AL, Liang TY, Mannan P, Smialek J, et al. Coronary plaque erosion without rupture into a lipid core. A frequent cause of coronary thrombosis in sudden coronary death. Circulation. 1996;93(7):1354–63.PubMed Farb A, Burke AP, Tang AL, Liang TY, Mannan P, Smialek J, et al. Coronary plaque erosion without rupture into a lipid core. A frequent cause of coronary thrombosis in sudden coronary death. Circulation. 1996;93(7):1354–63.PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Pepine CJ, Ferdinand KC, Shaw LJ, Light-McGroary KA, Shah RU, Gulati M, et al. Emergence of nonobstructive coronary artery disease: a woman's problem and need for change in definition on angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(17):1918–33.PubMedPubMedCentral Pepine CJ, Ferdinand KC, Shaw LJ, Light-McGroary KA, Shah RU, Gulati M, et al. Emergence of nonobstructive coronary artery disease: a woman's problem and need for change in definition on angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(17):1918–33.PubMedPubMedCentral
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Agewall S, Beltrame JF, Reynolds HR, Niessner A, Rosano G, Caforio AL, et al. ESC working group position paper on myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(3):143–53.PubMed Agewall S, Beltrame JF, Reynolds HR, Niessner A, Rosano G, Caforio AL, et al. ESC working group position paper on myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(3):143–53.PubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat • Tamis-Holland JE, Jneid H, Reynolds HR, Agewall S, Brilakis ES, Brown TM, et al. Contemporary diagnosis and management of patients with myocardial Infarction in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019;139(18):e891–908 Provides a thorough and comprehensive review outlining the different causes of MINOCA.PubMed • Tamis-Holland JE, Jneid H, Reynolds HR, Agewall S, Brilakis ES, Brown TM, et al. Contemporary diagnosis and management of patients with myocardial Infarction in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019;139(18):e891–908 Provides a thorough and comprehensive review outlining the different causes of MINOCA.PubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Vidal-Perez R, Abou Jokh Casas C, Agra-Bermejo RM, Alvarez-Alvarez B, Grapsa J, Fontes-Carvalho R, et al. Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries: a comprehensive review and future research directions. World J Cardiol. 2019;11(12):305–15.PubMedPubMedCentral Vidal-Perez R, Abou Jokh Casas C, Agra-Bermejo RM, Alvarez-Alvarez B, Grapsa J, Fontes-Carvalho R, et al. Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries: a comprehensive review and future research directions. World J Cardiol. 2019;11(12):305–15.PubMedPubMedCentral
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Roswell RO, Kunkes J, Chen AY, Chiswell K, Iqbal S, Roe MT, et al. Impact of sex and contact-to-device time on clinical outcomes in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction-findings from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(1). Roswell RO, Kunkes J, Chen AY, Chiswell K, Iqbal S, Roe MT, et al. Impact of sex and contact-to-device time on clinical outcomes in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction-findings from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(1).
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Grady D, Herrington D, Bittner V, Blumenthal R, Davidson M, Hlatky M, et al. Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: heart and estrogen/progestin replacement study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA. 2002;288(1):49–57.PubMed Grady D, Herrington D, Bittner V, Blumenthal R, Davidson M, Hlatky M, et al. Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: heart and estrogen/progestin replacement study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA. 2002;288(1):49–57.PubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Bertrand ME, LaBlanche JM, Tilmant PY, Thieuleux FA, Delforge MR, Carre AG, et al. Frequency of provoked coronary arterial spasm in 1089 consecutive patients undergoing coronary arteriography. Circulation. 1982;65(7):1299–306.PubMed Bertrand ME, LaBlanche JM, Tilmant PY, Thieuleux FA, Delforge MR, Carre AG, et al. Frequency of provoked coronary arterial spasm in 1089 consecutive patients undergoing coronary arteriography. Circulation. 1982;65(7):1299–306.PubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Aziz A, Hansen HS, Sechtem U, Prescott E, Ong P. Sex-related differences in vasomotor function in patients with angina and unobstructed coronary arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(19):2349–58.PubMed Aziz A, Hansen HS, Sechtem U, Prescott E, Ong P. Sex-related differences in vasomotor function in patients with angina and unobstructed coronary arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(19):2349–58.PubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Sueda S, Kohno H, Fukuda H, Ochi N, Kawada H, Hayashi Y, et al. Frequency of provoked coronary spasms in patients undergoing coronary arteriography using a spasm provocation test via intracoronary administration of ergonovine. Angiology. 2004;55(4):403–11.PubMed Sueda S, Kohno H, Fukuda H, Ochi N, Kawada H, Hayashi Y, et al. Frequency of provoked coronary spasms in patients undergoing coronary arteriography using a spasm provocation test via intracoronary administration of ergonovine. Angiology. 2004;55(4):403–11.PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee DH, Park TK, Seong CS, Gwag HB, Lim AY, Oh MS, et al. Gender differences in long-term clinical outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with vasospastic angina. Int J Cardiol. 2017;249:6–11.PubMed Lee DH, Park TK, Seong CS, Gwag HB, Lim AY, Oh MS, et al. Gender differences in long-term clinical outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with vasospastic angina. Int J Cardiol. 2017;249:6–11.PubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Yoshida K, Utsunomiya T, Morooka T, Yazawa M, Kido K, Ogawa T, et al. Mental stress test is an effective inducer of vasospastic angina pectoris: comparison with cold pressor, hyperventilation and master two-step exercise test. Int J Cardiol. 1999;70(2):155–63.PubMed Yoshida K, Utsunomiya T, Morooka T, Yazawa M, Kido K, Ogawa T, et al. Mental stress test is an effective inducer of vasospastic angina pectoris: comparison with cold pressor, hyperventilation and master two-step exercise test. Int J Cardiol. 1999;70(2):155–63.PubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Waters DD, Szlachcic J, Bonan R, Miller DD, Dauwe F, Theroux P. Comparative sensitivity of exercise, cold pressor and ergonovine testing in provoking attacks of variant angina in patients with active disease. Circulation. 1983;67(2):310–5.PubMed Waters DD, Szlachcic J, Bonan R, Miller DD, Dauwe F, Theroux P. Comparative sensitivity of exercise, cold pressor and ergonovine testing in provoking attacks of variant angina in patients with active disease. Circulation. 1983;67(2):310–5.PubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Mittleman MA, Mintzer D, Maclure M, Tofler GH, Sherwood JB, Muller JE. Triggering of myocardial infarction by cocaine. Circulation. 1999;99(21):2737–41.PubMed Mittleman MA, Mintzer D, Maclure M, Tofler GH, Sherwood JB, Muller JE. Triggering of myocardial infarction by cocaine. Circulation. 1999;99(21):2737–41.PubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Kevil CG, Goeders NE, Woolard MD, Bhuiyan MS, Dominic P, Kolluru GK, et al. Methamphetamine use and cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2019;39(9):1739–46.PubMedPubMedCentral Kevil CG, Goeders NE, Woolard MD, Bhuiyan MS, Dominic P, Kolluru GK, et al. Methamphetamine use and cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2019;39(9):1739–46.PubMedPubMedCentral
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Beltrame JF, Crea F, Kaski JC, Ogawa H, Ong P, Sechtem U, et al. International standardization of diagnostic criteria for vasospastic angina. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(33):2565–8.PubMed Beltrame JF, Crea F, Kaski JC, Ogawa H, Ong P, Sechtem U, et al. International standardization of diagnostic criteria for vasospastic angina. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(33):2565–8.PubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, Casey DE, Ganiats TG, Holmes DR, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation. 2014;130(25):e344–426.PubMed Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, Casey DE, Ganiats TG, Holmes DR, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation. 2014;130(25):e344–426.PubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Montone RA, Niccoli G, Fracassi F, Russo M, Gurgoglione F, Cammà G, et al. Patients with acute myocardial infarction and non-obstructive coronary arteries: safety and prognostic relevance of invasive coronary provocative tests. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(2):91–8.PubMed Montone RA, Niccoli G, Fracassi F, Russo M, Gurgoglione F, Cammà G, et al. Patients with acute myocardial infarction and non-obstructive coronary arteries: safety and prognostic relevance of invasive coronary provocative tests. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(2):91–8.PubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Takagi Y, Yasuda S, Tsunoda R, Ogata Y, Seki A, Sumiyoshi T, et al. Clinical characteristics and long-term prognosis of vasospastic angina patients who survived out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: multicenter registry study of the Japanese Coronary Spasm Association. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2011;4(3):295–302.PubMed Takagi Y, Yasuda S, Tsunoda R, Ogata Y, Seki A, Sumiyoshi T, et al. Clinical characteristics and long-term prognosis of vasospastic angina patients who survived out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: multicenter registry study of the Japanese Coronary Spasm Association. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2011;4(3):295–302.PubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Bory M, Pierron F, Panagides D, Bonnet JL, Yvorra S, Desfossez L. Coronary artery spasm in patients with normal or near normal coronary arteries. Long-term follow-up of 277 patients. Eur Heart J. 1996;17(7):1015–21.PubMed Bory M, Pierron F, Panagides D, Bonnet JL, Yvorra S, Desfossez L. Coronary artery spasm in patients with normal or near normal coronary arteries. Long-term follow-up of 277 patients. Eur Heart J. 1996;17(7):1015–21.PubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Slavich M, Patel RS. Coronary artery spasm: current knowledge and residual uncertainties. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc. 2016;10:47–53.PubMedPubMedCentral Slavich M, Patel RS. Coronary artery spasm: current knowledge and residual uncertainties. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc. 2016;10:47–53.PubMedPubMedCentral
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Ahn JM, Lee KH, Yoo SY, Cho YR, Suh J, Shin ES, et al. Prognosis of variant angina manifesting as aborted sudden cardiac death. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(2):137–45.PubMed Ahn JM, Lee KH, Yoo SY, Cho YR, Suh J, Shin ES, et al. Prognosis of variant angina manifesting as aborted sudden cardiac death. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(2):137–45.PubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Saw J, Mancini GBJ, Humphries KH. Contemporary review on spontaneous coronary artery dissection. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(3):297–312.PubMed Saw J, Mancini GBJ, Humphries KH. Contemporary review on spontaneous coronary artery dissection. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(3):297–312.PubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Saw J, Humphries K, Aymong E, Sedlak T, Prakash R, Starovoytov A, et al. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: clinical outcomes and risk of recurrence. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(9):1148–58.PubMed Saw J, Humphries K, Aymong E, Sedlak T, Prakash R, Starovoytov A, et al. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: clinical outcomes and risk of recurrence. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(9):1148–58.PubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Nishiguchi T, Tanaka A, Ozaki Y, Taruya A, Fukuda S, Taguchi H, et al. Prevalence of spontaneous coronary artery dissection in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2016;5(3):263–70.PubMed Nishiguchi T, Tanaka A, Ozaki Y, Taruya A, Fukuda S, Taguchi H, et al. Prevalence of spontaneous coronary artery dissection in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2016;5(3):263–70.PubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Krittanawong C, Kumar A, Virk HUH, Yue B, Wang Z, Bhatt DL. Trends in incidence, characteristics, and in-hospital outcomes of patients presenting with spontaneous coronary artery dissection (from a National Population-Based Cohort Study between 2004 and 2015). Am J Cardiol. 2018;122(10):1617–23.PubMed Krittanawong C, Kumar A, Virk HUH, Yue B, Wang Z, Bhatt DL. Trends in incidence, characteristics, and in-hospital outcomes of patients presenting with spontaneous coronary artery dissection (from a National Population-Based Cohort Study between 2004 and 2015). Am J Cardiol. 2018;122(10):1617–23.PubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahmoud AN, Taduru SS, Mentias A, Mahtta D, Barakat AF, Saad M, et al. Trends of incidence, clinical presentation, and in-hospital mortality among women with acute myocardial infarction with or without spontaneous coronary artery dissection: a population-based analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Intervent. 2018;11(1):80–90. Mahmoud AN, Taduru SS, Mentias A, Mahtta D, Barakat AF, Saad M, et al. Trends of incidence, clinical presentation, and in-hospital mortality among women with acute myocardial infarction with or without spontaneous coronary artery dissection: a population-based analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Intervent. 2018;11(1):80–90.
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Basso C, Morgagni GL, Thiene G. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: a neglected cause of acute myocardial ischaemia and sudden death. Heart. 1996;75(5):451–4.PubMedPubMedCentral Basso C, Morgagni GL, Thiene G. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: a neglected cause of acute myocardial ischaemia and sudden death. Heart. 1996;75(5):451–4.PubMedPubMedCentral
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Michelis KC, Olin JW, Kadian-Dodov D, d'Escamard V, Kovacic JC. Coronary artery manifestations of fibromuscular dysplasia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(10):1033–46.PubMedPubMedCentral Michelis KC, Olin JW, Kadian-Dodov D, d'Escamard V, Kovacic JC. Coronary artery manifestations of fibromuscular dysplasia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(10):1033–46.PubMedPubMedCentral
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Lobo AS, Cantu SM, Sharkey SW, Grey EZ, Storey K, Witt D, et al. Revascularization in patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(10):1290–300.PubMed Lobo AS, Cantu SM, Sharkey SW, Grey EZ, Storey K, Witt D, et al. Revascularization in patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(10):1290–300.PubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Hayes SN, Kim ESH, Saw J, Adlam D, Arslanian-Engoren C, Economy KE, et al. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: current state of the science: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018;137(19):e523–e57.PubMedPubMedCentral Hayes SN, Kim ESH, Saw J, Adlam D, Arslanian-Engoren C, Economy KE, et al. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: current state of the science: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018;137(19):e523–e57.PubMedPubMedCentral
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Ghadri JR, Sarcon A, Diekmann J, Bataiosu DR, Cammann VL, Jurisic S, et al. Happy heart syndrome: role of positive emotional stress in takotsubo syndrome. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(37):2823–9.PubMedPubMedCentral Ghadri JR, Sarcon A, Diekmann J, Bataiosu DR, Cammann VL, Jurisic S, et al. Happy heart syndrome: role of positive emotional stress in takotsubo syndrome. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(37):2823–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Sharkey SW, Lesser JR, Maron MS, Maron BJ. Why not just call it tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy: a discussion of nomenclature. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(13):1496–7.PubMed Sharkey SW, Lesser JR, Maron MS, Maron BJ. Why not just call it tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy: a discussion of nomenclature. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(13):1496–7.PubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Ghadri JR, Wittstein IS, Prasad A, Sharkey S, Dote K, Akashi YJ, et al. International expert consensus document on Takotsubo syndrome (part I): clinical characteristics, diagnostic criteria, and pathophysiology. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(22):2032–46.PubMedPubMedCentral Ghadri JR, Wittstein IS, Prasad A, Sharkey S, Dote K, Akashi YJ, et al. International expert consensus document on Takotsubo syndrome (part I): clinical characteristics, diagnostic criteria, and pathophysiology. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(22):2032–46.PubMedPubMedCentral
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Ghadri JR, Ruschitzka F, Luscher TF, Templin C. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: still much more to learn. Heart. 2014;100(22):1804–12.PubMed Ghadri JR, Ruschitzka F, Luscher TF, Templin C. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: still much more to learn. Heart. 2014;100(22):1804–12.PubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Raab W, Stark E, Macmillan WH, Gigee WR. Sympathogenic origin and antiadrenergic prevention of stress-induced myocardial lesions. Am J Cardiol. 1961;8:203–11.PubMed Raab W, Stark E, Macmillan WH, Gigee WR. Sympathogenic origin and antiadrenergic prevention of stress-induced myocardial lesions. Am J Cardiol. 1961;8:203–11.PubMed
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Naegele M, Flammer AJ, Enseleit F, Roas S, Frank M, Hirt A, et al. Endothelial function and sympathetic nervous system activity in patients with Takotsubo syndrome. Int J Cardiol. 2016;224:226–30.PubMed Naegele M, Flammer AJ, Enseleit F, Roas S, Frank M, Hirt A, et al. Endothelial function and sympathetic nervous system activity in patients with Takotsubo syndrome. Int J Cardiol. 2016;224:226–30.PubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Pelliccia F, Kaski JC, Crea F, Camici PG. Pathophysiology of Takotsubo syndrome. Circulation. 2017;135(24):2426–41.PubMed Pelliccia F, Kaski JC, Crea F, Camici PG. Pathophysiology of Takotsubo syndrome. Circulation. 2017;135(24):2426–41.PubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Dote K, Sato H, Tateishi H, Uchida T, Ishihara M. Myocardial stunning due to simultaneous multivessel coronary spasms: a review of 5 cases. J Cardiol. 1991;21(2):203–14.PubMed Dote K, Sato H, Tateishi H, Uchida T, Ishihara M. Myocardial stunning due to simultaneous multivessel coronary spasms: a review of 5 cases. J Cardiol. 1991;21(2):203–14.PubMed
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Scantlebury DC, Prasad A, Rabinstein AA, Best PJ. Prevalence of migraine and Raynaud phenomenon in women with apical ballooning syndrome (Takotsubo or stress cardiomyopathy). Am J Cardiol. 2013;111(9):1284–8.PubMed Scantlebury DC, Prasad A, Rabinstein AA, Best PJ. Prevalence of migraine and Raynaud phenomenon in women with apical ballooning syndrome (Takotsubo or stress cardiomyopathy). Am J Cardiol. 2013;111(9):1284–8.PubMed
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Tsuchihashi K, Ueshima K, Uchida T, Oh-mura N, Kimura K, Owa M, et al. Transient left ventricular apical ballooning without coronary artery stenosis: a novel heart syndrome mimicking acute myocardial infarction. Angina pectoris-myocardial infarction investigations in Japan. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38(1):11–8.PubMed Tsuchihashi K, Ueshima K, Uchida T, Oh-mura N, Kimura K, Owa M, et al. Transient left ventricular apical ballooning without coronary artery stenosis: a novel heart syndrome mimicking acute myocardial infarction. Angina pectoris-myocardial infarction investigations in Japan. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38(1):11–8.PubMed
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Camici PG, Crea F. Microvascular angina: a women’s affair? Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8(4). Camici PG, Crea F. Microvascular angina: a women’s affair? Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8(4).
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaski JC. Cardiac syndrome X in women: the role of oestrogen deficiency. Heart. 2006;92 Suppl 3:iii5–9.PubMed Kaski JC. Cardiac syndrome X in women: the role of oestrogen deficiency. Heart. 2006;92 Suppl 3:iii5–9.PubMed
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Vitale C, Mendelsohn ME, Rosano GM. Gender differences in the cardiovascular effect of sex hormones. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2009;6(8):532–42.PubMed Vitale C, Mendelsohn ME, Rosano GM. Gender differences in the cardiovascular effect of sex hormones. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2009;6(8):532–42.PubMed
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Prasad A, Lerman A, Rihal CS. Apical ballooning syndrome (Tako-Tsubo or stress cardiomyopathy): a mimic of acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2008;155(3):408–17.PubMed Prasad A, Lerman A, Rihal CS. Apical ballooning syndrome (Tako-Tsubo or stress cardiomyopathy): a mimic of acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2008;155(3):408–17.PubMed
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Prasad A, Dangas G, Srinivasan M, Yu J, Gersh BJ, Mehran R, et al. Incidence and angiographic characteristics of patients with apical ballooning syndrome (takotsubo/stress cardiomyopathy) in the HORIZONS-AMI trial: an analysis from a multicenter, international study of ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2014;83(3):343–8.PubMed Prasad A, Dangas G, Srinivasan M, Yu J, Gersh BJ, Mehran R, et al. Incidence and angiographic characteristics of patients with apical ballooning syndrome (takotsubo/stress cardiomyopathy) in the HORIZONS-AMI trial: an analysis from a multicenter, international study of ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2014;83(3):343–8.PubMed
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Sy F, Basraon J, Zheng H, Singh M, Richina J, Ambrose JA. Frequency of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in postmenopausal women presenting with an acute coronary syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2013;112(4):479–82.PubMed Sy F, Basraon J, Zheng H, Singh M, Richina J, Ambrose JA. Frequency of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in postmenopausal women presenting with an acute coronary syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2013;112(4):479–82.PubMed
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Wedekind H, Moller K, Scholz KH. Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy. Incidence in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Herz. 2006;31(4):339–46.PubMed Wedekind H, Moller K, Scholz KH. Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy. Incidence in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Herz. 2006;31(4):339–46.PubMed
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Templin C, Ghadri JR, Diekmann J, Napp LC, Bataiosu DR, Jaguszewski M, et al. Clinical features and outcomes of Takotsubo (stress) cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(10):929–38. Templin C, Ghadri JR, Diekmann J, Napp LC, Bataiosu DR, Jaguszewski M, et al. Clinical features and outcomes of Takotsubo (stress) cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(10):929–38.
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Farkowski MM, Pytkowski M, Maciag A, Golicki D, Wood KA, Kowalik I, et al. Gender-related differences in outcomes and resource utilization in patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation of supraventricular tachycardia: results from patients’ perspective on radiofrequency catheter ablation of AVRT and AVNRT study. Europace. 2014;16(12):1821–7.PubMed Farkowski MM, Pytkowski M, Maciag A, Golicki D, Wood KA, Kowalik I, et al. Gender-related differences in outcomes and resource utilization in patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation of supraventricular tachycardia: results from patients’ perspective on radiofrequency catheter ablation of AVRT and AVNRT study. Europace. 2014;16(12):1821–7.PubMed
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Nguyen TH, Neil CJ, Sverdlov AL, Mahadavan G, Chirkov YY, Kucia AM, et al. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic protein levels in takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2011;108(9):1316–21.PubMed Nguyen TH, Neil CJ, Sverdlov AL, Mahadavan G, Chirkov YY, Kucia AM, et al. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic protein levels in takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2011;108(9):1316–21.PubMed
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Yoshikawa T. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, a new concept of cardiomyopathy: clinical features and pathophysiology. Int J Cardiol. 2015;182:297–303.PubMed Yoshikawa T. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, a new concept of cardiomyopathy: clinical features and pathophysiology. Int J Cardiol. 2015;182:297–303.PubMed
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Ghadri JR, Kato K, Cammann VL, Gili S, Jurisic S, Di Vece D, et al. Long-term prognosis of patients with Takotsubo syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(8):874–82.PubMed Ghadri JR, Kato K, Cammann VL, Gili S, Jurisic S, Di Vece D, et al. Long-term prognosis of patients with Takotsubo syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(8):874–82.PubMed
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Pelliccia F, Parodi G, Greco C, Antoniucci D, Brenner R, Bossone E, et al. Comorbidities frequency in Takotsubo syndrome: an international collaborative systematic review including 1109 patients. Am J Med. 2015;128(6):654 e11–9. Pelliccia F, Parodi G, Greco C, Antoniucci D, Brenner R, Bossone E, et al. Comorbidities frequency in Takotsubo syndrome: an international collaborative systematic review including 1109 patients. Am J Med. 2015;128(6):654 e11–9.
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Manginas A, Rigopoulos AG, Bigalke B, Sakellaropoulos S, Ali M, Mavrogeni S, et al. Takotsubo syndrome - adding pieces to a complex puzzle. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2017;17(1):296.PubMedPubMedCentral Manginas A, Rigopoulos AG, Bigalke B, Sakellaropoulos S, Ali M, Mavrogeni S, et al. Takotsubo syndrome - adding pieces to a complex puzzle. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2017;17(1):296.PubMedPubMedCentral
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Tornvall P, Collste O, Ehrenborg E, Jarnbert-Petterson H. A case-control study of risk markers and mortality in Takotsubo stress cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(16):1931–6.PubMed Tornvall P, Collste O, Ehrenborg E, Jarnbert-Petterson H. A case-control study of risk markers and mortality in Takotsubo stress cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(16):1931–6.PubMed
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Lyon AR, Rees PS, Prasad S, Poole-Wilson PA, Harding SE. Stress (Takotsubo) cardiomyopathy--a novel pathophysiological hypothesis to explain catecholamine-induced acute myocardial stunning. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2008;5(1):22–9.PubMed Lyon AR, Rees PS, Prasad S, Poole-Wilson PA, Harding SE. Stress (Takotsubo) cardiomyopathy--a novel pathophysiological hypothesis to explain catecholamine-induced acute myocardial stunning. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2008;5(1):22–9.PubMed
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Sharkey SW, Maron BJ. Epidemiology and clinical profile of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Circ J. 2014;78(9):2119–28.PubMed Sharkey SW, Maron BJ. Epidemiology and clinical profile of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Circ J. 2014;78(9):2119–28.PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Diagnostic and Management Dilemmas in Women Presenting with Acute Coronary Syndromes
verfasst von
Lindsey Trutter
Allison Bigeh
Cristina Pecci
Marium Muzaffar
Martha Gulati
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2020
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Current Cardiology Reports / Ausgabe 12/2020
Print ISSN: 1523-3782
Elektronische ISSN: 1534-3170
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-020-01410-1

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 12/2020

Current Cardiology Reports 12/2020 Zur Ausgabe

Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes (H Jneid, Section Editor)

Management of Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome and Cancer

Cardio-Oncology (T Neilan, Section Editor)

COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Health Among Patients with Cancer

Public Health Policy (E Klodas, Section Editor)

The Promise and Peril of Vaping

Congenital Heart Disease (RA Krasuski and G Fleming, Section Editors)

Approaching End-of-Life Decisions in Adults with Congenital Heart Disease

Valvular Heart Disease (TL Kiefer, Section Editor)

Radiation-Associated Valvular Disease

Structural Heart Disease (RJ Siegel and NC Wunderlich, Section Editors)

Paravalvular Leak Assessment: Challenges in Assessing Severity and Interventional Approaches

„Jeder Fall von plötzlichem Tod muss obduziert werden!“

17.05.2024 Plötzlicher Herztod Nachrichten

Ein signifikanter Anteil der Fälle von plötzlichem Herztod ist genetisch bedingt. Um ihre Verwandten vor diesem Schicksal zu bewahren, sollten jüngere Personen, die plötzlich unerwartet versterben, ausnahmslos einer Autopsie unterzogen werden.

Hirnblutung unter DOAK und VKA ähnlich bedrohlich

17.05.2024 Direkte orale Antikoagulanzien Nachrichten

Kommt es zu einer nichttraumatischen Hirnblutung, spielt es keine große Rolle, ob die Betroffenen zuvor direkt wirksame orale Antikoagulanzien oder Marcumar bekommen haben: Die Prognose ist ähnlich schlecht.

Schlechtere Vorhofflimmern-Prognose bei kleinem linken Ventrikel

17.05.2024 Vorhofflimmern Nachrichten

Nicht nur ein vergrößerter, sondern auch ein kleiner linker Ventrikel ist bei Vorhofflimmern mit einer erhöhten Komplikationsrate assoziiert. Der Zusammenhang besteht nach Daten aus China unabhängig von anderen Risikofaktoren.

Semaglutid bei Herzinsuffizienz: Wie erklärt sich die Wirksamkeit?

17.05.2024 Herzinsuffizienz Nachrichten

Bei adipösen Patienten mit Herzinsuffizienz des HFpEF-Phänotyps ist Semaglutid von symptomatischem Nutzen. Resultiert dieser Benefit allein aus der Gewichtsreduktion oder auch aus spezifischen Effekten auf die Herzinsuffizienz-Pathogenese? Eine neue Analyse gibt Aufschluss.

Update Kardiologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.