Introduction
Plant and lectins | Abbreviation | Monosaccharide specificity | Optimized concentration (ng/μl) | Potent oligosaccharide/glycoprotein glycan ligands |
---|---|---|---|---|
Canavalia ensiformis (jack bean) agglutinin
| ConA | Man/Glc | 0.5 | Manα6(Manα3)Manβ4GlcNAcβ4GlcNAc |
Pisum sativum (pea) agglutinin | PSA | Man/Glc | 0.5 | N-glycan binding enhanced by core fucosylation |
Phaseolus vulgaris (kidney bean) erythroagglutinin | PHA-E |
a
| 1 | Bisected complex-type N-glycans: Galβ3/4GlcNAcβ2Manα6(GlcNAcβ2-Manα3)(GlcNAcβ4)Manβ4GlcNAcβ4GlcNAc |
Phaseolus vulgaris (kidney bean) leukoagglutinin | PHA-L |
a
| 1 | Tetra- and triantennary N-glycans with β6-branching |
Viscum album (mistletoe) agglutinin | VAA | Gal | 0.5 | Galβ3(4)GlcNAc without/with α2,6-sialylation, Galα3(4)Gal, Galβ2(3)Gal, Fucα2Gal |
Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) agglutinin | LEA |
a
| 2 | core and stem regions of high-mannose-type N-glycans, (GlcNAcβ3Galβ4GlcNAcβ3Gal) repeats (LacDiNAc to polyLacNAc) |
Maackia amurensis agglutinin-I (leukoagglutinin) | MAA-I |
a
| 20 | Neu5Ac/Gcα3Galβ4GlcNAc/Glc
b
, 3′-sulfation instead of sialylation and 9′-O-acetylation tolerated |
Sambucus nigra (elderberry) agglutinin | SNA | Gal/GalNAc | 0.4 | Neu5Ac/Gcα6Gal/GalNAc
c
, clustered Tn-antigen, 9′-O-acetylation tolerated |
Dolichos biflorus (horse gram) agglutinin | DBA | GalNAc | 50 | GalNAcα3GalNAcα3Galβ4Galβ4Glc, clustered Tn-antigen, histo-blood group A- tetrasaccharide, β-linked GalNAc in Sda antigen |
Arachis hypogaea (peanut) agglutinin | PNA | Gal | 0.7 | Galβ3GalNAcα/β |
Artocarpus integrifolia (jack fruit) agglutinin | Jacalin (JAC) | Gal/GalNAc | 0.7 | Galβ3GalNAcα, sialylation of T/Tn antigens tolerated |
Galectin-1 | Gal-1 |
d
| 1 | Type I/II disaccharides (α2,3-sialylation/sulfation tolerated), LacNAc repeats (terminal α2,6-sialylation not tolerated), Fucα2Gal, extended core 2/4 structures, multiantennary N-glycans |
Galectin-3 | Gal-3 |
d
| 1 | Type I/II and core 1 disaccharides (α2,3-sialylation/sulfation tolerated), LacNAc repeats (terminal α2,6-sialylation tolerated), GalNAcβ4GlcNAc (LacdiNAc), Galα3Galβ4GlcNAc, histo-blood group ABH epitopes, multiantennary N-glycans/clustered T-antigen |
Methods
Clinical specimens
Cell culture
Quantitative real-time RT-PCR
Protein and glycan preparation, quantification of oligosaccharides using LC-ESI-MS
Histological assessment
Lectin histochemistry
Glycocytochemistry
Results
Expression of selected glycosyltransferase genes
N-glycans | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MAN1C1
| 0.8 |
MGAT4A
| 172.6 |
ST6Gal1
| 676.8 |
MAN2A1
| 449.9 |
MGAT4B
| 77.0 |
ST6Gal2
| 5.2 |
MGAT1
| 723.3 |
MGAT5A
| 387.3 |
ST3Gal3
| 59.4 |
MGAT2
| 2,328.2 |
MGAT5B
| 2.9 |
ST3Gal4
| 153.7 |
MGAT3
| 10.1 |
FUT8
| 263.9 |
ST3Gal6
| 14.7 |
B4GALNT3
| 104.4 | ||||
O-glycans
|
Chondrocyte markers
| ||||
GALNT
| 3,925.3 |
ST3Gal1
| 60.4 |
AGC
| 1,704.7 |
B3GNT
| 141.8 |
ST3Gal2
| 75.7 |
COL2
| 9,953.7 |
GCNT1
| 375.5 |
ST6GalNAc1
| n.d. |
COL1
| 5,722.9 |
FUT1
| 0.4 |
ST6GalNAc2
| n.d. | ||
3OST
| 19.4 |
ST6GalNAc3
| 0.7 | ||
ST6GalNAc4
| 9.8 |